Human & Plant Cell/Tissue Types – Lecture Review

85 question-and-answer flashcards covering human cell types, functional categories, special cells, tissue classifications (epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous), detailed connective components, glial cell functions, and key plant tissues (meristematic, simple permanent, complex permanent). Suitable for comprehensive exam review.

Which human body cells are bound by calcium and phosphate, providing strength and framework?

Bone cells (osteocytes)

What type of cells are loose, flexible, and found in the ear and joints?

Cartilage cells (chondrocytes)

Which cells are very long, cannot multiply, and conduct impulses?

Nerve cells (neurons)

Name the simple covering cells found in skin and respiratory tract.

Epithelial cells

What cells contract and relax to produce body movement?

Muscle cells

Which cells form glands and release substances such as insulin or saliva?

Secretory cells

What is the primary storage cell for fat in the body?

Adipose cells

Which motile cells include RBCs, WBCs, and platelets?

Blood cells

Nerve and muscle cells are classified as what functional cell type?

Conductive cells

Bone, cartilage, blood, and adipose cells belong to which functional category?

Connective cells

Secretory cells comprise which functional group of cells?

Glandular cells

Adipose and some liver cells are examples of what functional cell type?

Storage cells

Which male gamete has a tail and contains hyaluronidase enzyme?

Sperm cell

What haploid female cell accepts sperm to form a zygote?

Oocyte

Primary undifferentiated cells capable of forming any tissue are called?

Stem cells

Which eye cells detect light and color?

Rods and cones

Name the respiratory-lining cells with hair-like projections that move material.

Ciliated cells

Which blood cells lack nuclei and carry oxygen?

Red blood cells (RBCs)

What blood cells defend the body by destroying pathogens?

White blood cells (WBCs)

Which blood component aids in clotting?

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Fat-storing cells that swell when storing triglycerides are called?

Adipocytes (fat cells)

Which cells line blood vessels and play a key role in angiogenesis?

Endothelial cells

What is the basic signaling unit of the nervous system?

Neuron

Finger-like neuron extensions that receive signals are called?

Dendrites

The fatty layer speeding nerve conduction around axons is the?

Myelin sheath

Which glial cells maintain the blood–brain barrier?

Astrocytes

Glial cells that form CNS myelin are called?

Oligodendrocytes

Which PNS glial cells produce myelin?

Schwann cells

Microglia act as what in the CNS?

Immune/cleanup cells

Cells that divide uncontrollably and ignore apoptosis are known as?

Cancer cells

Epithelial tissue primarily performs which three key functions?

Protection, secretion, absorption (also filtration, excretion, sensation)

Cube-shaped epithelial cells arranged in one layer are termed?

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Many layers of flat dead cells form which epithelial type on skin?

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium moves particles in which female organ?

Female genital tract / fallopian tubes

What epithelial type lines alveoli for rapid diffusion?

Simple squamous epithelium

Epithelial tissue that stretches in the bladder is called?

Transitional epithelium

Muscle tissue under voluntary control with striations is?

Skeletal muscle

Short, branched, striated, single-nucleus muscle exists only where?

In the heart (cardiac muscle)

Non-striated involuntary muscle in organ walls is called?

Smooth muscle

Connective tissue originates from what embryonic tissue?

Mesenchyme

Which connective fibers provide tensile strength?

Collagen fibers

Elastic fibers give connective tissue what property?

Flexibility/stretch and recoil

Loose connective tissue binding skin to muscles is?

Areolar tissue

Fat storage connective tissue under skin is known as?

Adipose tissue

Dense regular connective tissue with parallel collagen forms?

Tendons and ligaments

Which cartilage is glassy, most common, and covers joints?

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage provides flexibility in which body part?

External ear (pinna)

Shock-absorbing cartilage in intervertebral discs is?

Fibrocartilage

Compact bone primarily provides what two functions?

Support and protection (also mineral storage)

Fluid connective tissue with plasma matrix is called?

Blood

Ground substance plus fibers outside connective cells form the?

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

Neuron support cells that do NOT conduct impulses are?

Glial cells

Region of neuron where the axon originates is the?

Axon hillock

Plant tissues with actively dividing cells are called?

Meristematic tissues

Growth in length of roots and shoots is driven by which meristem?

Apical meristem

Regrowth from the base of leaves (e.g., in grasses) involves which meristem?

Intercalary meristem

Secondary growth (thickness) in stems is produced by?

Lateral meristem

Most common living, thin-walled simple permanent plant tissue is?

Parenchyma

Which living plant tissue provides flexible support under epidermis?

Collenchyma

Dead, thick-walled, lignified cells giving hardness to plants are?

Sclerenchyma

Water-conducting complex plant tissue is?

Xylem

Main living conducting elements of phloem are?

Sieve tube elements

Small nucleated cells adjacent to sieve tubes are?

Companion cells

Long, narrow xylem cells that conduct water via pits are called?

Tracheids

Wide xylem cells with perforated ends forming continuous tubes are?

Vessel elements

Living storage cells within xylem are called?

Xylem parenchyma

Plant tissue transporting sugars from leaves to sinks is?

Phloem

Dead, thick-walled phloem cells that add strength are?

Phloem fibers

Primary xylem originates from which precursor?

Procambium

Secondary phloem is produced by what cambium?

Vascular cambium

Which plant tissue heals wounds and stores food/water?

Parenchyma (specific function: storage/wound healing)

Ring-like thickening in collenchyma walls is termed?

Annular collenchyma

Bone cells that maintain bone matrix are called?

Osteocytes

Cartilage-forming precursor cells are known as?

Chondroblasts

Connective tissue cells that produce fibers are?

Fibroblasts

Pigment-producing skin cells are termed?

Melanocytes

Immune connective tissue cells that release histamine are?

Mast cells

Which connective cells engulf pathogens and debris?

Macrophages

Plant sclerenchyma cells that are short and irregular, forming seed shells, are?

Sclereids

Bone-forming cells derived from osteogenic cells are?

Osteoblasts

Cells in CNS that line ventricles and generate cerebrospinal fluid are?

Ependymal cells

Cells surrounding neuron bodies in PNS ganglia are?

Satellite cells

Which cell organelle encases DNA within sperm and oocytes?

Nucleus (haploid in gametes)

What unique feature allows sperm to swim toward an egg?

Flagellum (tail)

Programmed cell death that cancer cells evade is called?

Apoptosis

What term describes the ability of muscle tissue to respond to stimuli?

Excitability

Which epithelial tissue appears multilayered but has all cells touching the basement membrane?

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Large multinucleated skeletal muscle cells arise from fusion of what?

Myoblasts

Glial scar–forming CNS support cells are?

Astrocytes

Which connective tissue fiber network supports lymphoid organs?

Reticular fibers

In blood connective tissue, the fluid matrix is called?

Plasma

Ability of elastic connective tissue in arteries to stretch and return is termed?

Elastic recoil

Which plant vascular tissue’s primary role is upward water transport?

Xylem

Complex tissue responsible for downward sugar transport in plants is?

Phloem