1.0 bASICS OF bChem

biochemistry

the study of how macromolecules carry out chemical reactions and how these processes are regulated in a living organism

all living organisms are

1. structural complex

2. extract, transform and utilize energy from their enviroent

3. have capacity for precise self replication and self-assembly

autotrophs

utilize radiant energy and inorganic compounds to make organic compounds

hetereotrophs

use chemical organic nutrients as energy source

valences of carbon and nitrogen atoms in organic cpounds

carbon = 4

n = 3

O and H valeneces of atoms commonly found in organic compounds

Oxygen = 2

Hydrogen =1

P valences found in organic compounds

P = 5 bonds

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primary carbon atom

one carbon neighbor

secondary carbon atom

two carbon neighbors

proteins include

amino acids, polypeptides, proteins

carbohydrates include

sugars, disaccrides, polymers of sugars

nucleic acids

mononucleotides, oligo- and polynucleotides, rna and dna series

lipids

fatty acids, cholestorol

carbon has four

outer shell electrons

carbon has the potential to form

four covalent bonds

water makes up about

60 to 70 percent of cells

water is an example of a

covalent bonding molecule

covalent bonding allows one atom

to share outer sell ecltrons to compeletely fill an atoms outer shell.

H2O strucutre creates

a dipole pointing towards the oxygen

What are the four key types of non-covalaent interations

1. charge

2. h-bond interactions

3. van der waals interactions

4. hydrophobic interations

charge interaction

transfer of electon with reultant charge transfer; this results in electrostic interaction

h-bond interactions

as seen in H2O

van der waals interactions

occur between non-polar molecular surfaces

what type of interactions derives from transient changes in electron distribution in non-polar molecules

van der waals

hydrophobic interactions derives from

entropy increase when water is released from non-polar surfaces

What interaction is the strongest

covalent

what interaction type is the weakest

van der waals interactions

Order the interactions from strongest to weakest

1 (strongest) Covalent

2 charge-charge

3 h-bond

4. hydrophobic

5. van der waals