Lab 5, Lab 6 :Groups, Orders, Families

Group Acanthopterygii (“spiny wings)

• largest group of teleosts

• ctenoid scales

• physoclistous swim bladder

• two distinct dorsal fins (1st spiny, 2nd rayed)

• pelvic and anal fins with spines

• thoracic positioned pelvic fins

• pectoral fins placed laterally

• hypural plate (fused bones of last few caudal vertebrae)

Order Cyprinodontiformes

• scales on the head

• no lateral line

• hermaphroditism (self-fertilization) or parthenogenesis (lacking functional males: eggs develop without fertilization)

order Gasterosteiformes

sticklebacks and tubesnouts.

• Characterized by elongate bodies.

• Often have bony plates or spines instead of scales.

Family Gasterosteidae

sticklebacks!

• bony plates instead on scales

• dorsal spines

• complex reproductive behaviour

Family Aulorhynchidae

tubesnouts

• small cycloid scales

• single triangular dorsal fin, posterior position

• tubular snout with tiny mouth

• many small dorsal spines

Order Syngnathiformes

• long, thin, cylindrical, with bones encircling body

• binocular vison

• no pelvic fin

• brood pouch

Order Scorpaeniformes

• suborbital stay

• cirri

• thoracic pelvic fins

Family Scorpaenidae

• large terminal mouth

• 7 branchiostegal rays

• venomous head spines

• spines on anal fin

• ctenoid scales

• gill membrane is separate from isthmus

Family hexagramidae

• 5 lateral lines

• 6 branchiostegal rays

• cycloid scales

• no swim bladder

• spines on anal fin

Family Anoplopomatidae

• Head without spines, ridges or cirri

• Small scales and is weakly ctenoid

• single lateral line

• no spines on anal fin

• gill membrane attached to ithmus

Family cottidae

• stout-bodied

• eyes nearer to top of head

• No spines in anal fin.

• large fanlike pectoral fin

• reduced cycloid scales

• small thoracic pelvic fins

Family Rhamphocottidae

• two rounded ridges extening along top of head

• no anal spines

• no scales

• rounded caudal fin

Family Hemitripteridae

• Reduced ctenoid scales

• 6 branchiostegal rays

• Long spiny rayed dorsal fin

• 1-3 anal spines

• reduced caudal fins

Family Agonidae

• elongated, bony plate coverings (no scales)

• expanded fanlike pectorals, like the cottids

• long caudal peduncle

• no anal fin spines

• pelvic fins thoracic and reduced to one spine and two rays
  • no anal fin spines

Family Cyclopteridae

• globose body shape

• body covered with horny tubercles

• pelvics modified into sucking disc

• two short dorsal fins, the second never confluent with the caudal, as it is in snailfishes

• tubercules

Family Liparidae

• elongate body shape

• confluent dorsal and anal fin

• no scales, tubercles, and lateral line

• small gill openings

Order Percifromes

• Five spines
• No adipose fin.
• Pelvic fins thoracic or jugular
• Pelvic fins with one spine and five or fewer rays.

Family Centrarchidae

• moderately forked tail

• ctenoid scales

• 2 nostrils on either side of the head

Family Percidae

• branchiostegal membrane not joined to isthmus

• ctenoid scales

• thoracic pelvic fin

• fusiform

Family Echeneidae

• small cycloid scales

• dorsal and anal fins lacking spines

• branchiostegal rays 8-11

• sucking disc on head (developed from a transformed spinous dorsal fin)

• no swim bladder

Family Coryphaenidae

• cycloid scales

• nuchal cest (in males)

• deeply forked tail

• long single dorsal fin

• no spines on dorsal and anal fin

Family Carangidae

• two separate dorsal fins

• compressed and elongated body

• small cycloid scales

Family Mullidae

• two long independently movable hyoid barbels

• two widely separated dorsal fins

• has spines on fins

• caudal fin forked
  

Family Toxotidae

• Terminal and protractile mouth

• reverse buccal pump in mouth

Family Chaetodontidae

• elongated snout, bristle teeth

• conspicuous pelvic axillary process

Pomacanthidae

• no pelvic axillary

• three spines in anal fin

• lunate caudal fin

Cichlidae

• lateral line divided in 2:

  1. anterior upper ending below the end of dorsal fin base

  2. posterior lower along middle of caudal peduncle

• no subocular shelf

• spines in fins

Embiotocidae

• continuous lateral line

• spiny and soft rayed

• small mouth

• use pectoral fin for locomotion

• forked caudal

pomacentridae

• lateral line incomplete

• no palatine teeth

• pointed margin of the opercle

• small mouth

labridae

• cylindrical

• pointed snout

• outward pointing teeth

• long dorsal

• deep caudal peduncle

• squared off rounded tail

scaridae

• jaw like teeth, usually coalesced (beak like)

• continuous w/ nine spines and ten soft rays

• large cycloid scales

stichaeidae

• small thoracic fin with one spine and three soft rays

• dorsal fin is usually twice the size as anal fin

• dorsal, anal, and caudal might be joined

• tiny scales embedded or absent

• lateral line indistinct or absent

pholidae

• dorsal is only flexible spines and at least 2 times the size as the anal fin

• pelvic is tiny or absent (thoracic) with one spine and one soft ray

• dorsal and anal always confluent with caudal

• pyloric caeca absent

Anarhichadidae

• canine teeth at front of mouth

• no pelvic fin

• no lateral line

• square head

• no soft rays, flexible spines

Dactylopteridae

• enormous fan-like pectorals

• long flexible moving appendage behind the eyes

Nototheniidae

• rounded caudal fin

• antifreeze glycoprotein

• no hemoglobin

Ammodytidae

pointed snout

long dorsal and anal fins

lateral line is high along side

forked caudal fin

Blennidae

• one long continuous dorsal fin

• one long anal fin

• jugular pelvic fin

• reduced anterior pelvics

• pelvic fin is forked into two parts in the jugular position

Gobiesocidae

• no scaels

• united pelvic fins

• no swim bladder

• no spines

Gobiidae

• smal gills

• bulging eyes

• rounded tail

• no lateral line

Acanthuridae

• scalpel-like spines (thorn tail)

• small mouth with single row of teeth

Zanclidae

• dont peduncular spine (acanthuridae do)

• tubular snout

• long dorsal fin that extends backwards

sphyraenidae

• long slender

• long knife like canin teeth

• lower jaw projecting

• 2 dorsal fins widely separated

Scombridae

• lunate and tall caudal

• row of small finlets from second dorsal fin to caudal

Xiphiidae

no scales and teeth

long flattened bill

highly forked tail

Channidae

• rounded caudal

• eyes on top of head

• pelvic fins in line with pectoral fin (separate from bowfin)

• modified scales on head that resemble a snake

• suprabranchial organ to breathe on land

Order Pleuronectiformes

• highly laterally compressed body

• long dorsal and anal fin with flexible spine

• ctenoid scales on dorsal and cycloid scales on the ventral

• no swim bladder

Family Pleuronectidae

• left eye migrates tot he right side so eyes are on right side (except starry eyed)

• round caudal fin

• strongly arched lateral line

• accessory lateral line

bothidae

• right eye migrates to the left side so eyes are on left side

• single unbranched lateral line

• asymmetrical and elongated pelvic fin (longer on left side- eyed side)

paralichthyidae

• right or left eyed

• large canine teeth

• boney ride between eyes

• bulbose eyes

Order Tetraodontiformes

• large pharyngeal teeth

• small gill openings

• lack lower ribs

• reverse buccal pump

Family balistidae

• no pelvic fin

• plate like scales

• laterally compressed

• 3 dorsal spines

monocanthidae

• 2 dorsal spines

• 19-31 vertebrae

• prickly or furry to touch

ostracidae

• encased in protective covering of structured scale plates (except fins)

• stout spines may occur above eyes

diodontidae

• stronger and larger spines (can be seen when deflated)

• expandable body

tetraodontidae

• toxic internal organs

• expandable bodies

molidae

• largest species of boney fish

• lack caudal peduncle or caudal fin (clavus instead)