Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

These flashcards cover the key vocabulary and concepts related to Haloalkanes and Haloarenes as discussed in the lecture notes.

Haloalkanes

Organic compounds containing halogen atoms attached to sp3 hybridized carbon atoms of alkyl groups.

Haloarenes

Organic compounds containing halogen atoms attached to sp2 hybridized carbon atoms of aryl groups.

IUPAC Nomenclature

Systematic method of naming organic compounds according to specific rules established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

Monohalocompounds

Compounds containing one halogen atom.

Dihalocompounds

Compounds containing two halogen atoms.

Polyhalocompounds

Compounds containing multiple halogen atoms (tri-, tetra-, etc.).

Primary Alkyl Halide

An alkyl halide where the halogen is bonded to a primary carbon atom.

Secondary Alkyl Halide

An alkyl halide where the halogen is bonded to a secondary carbon atom.

Tertiary Alkyl Halide

An alkyl halide where the halogen is bonded to a tertiary carbon atom.

Allylic Halides

Compounds where the halogen is bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond.

Benzylic Halides

Compounds where the halogen is bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon attached to an aromatic ring.

Vinylic Halides

Compounds where the halogen is bonded to an sp2 hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond.

Electrophilic Substitution

Reactions where an electrophile reacts with an aromatic ring, substituting for a hydrogen atom.

Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction

A reaction where a nucleophile replaces a leaving group in a substrate.

SN1 Reaction

A unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction where rate depends on one species.

SN2 Reaction

A bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction where rate depends on two species.

Grignard Reagents

Organometallic compounds of the form RMgX formed from alkyl halides and magnesium.

Chirality

Property of a molecule that makes it non-superimposable on its mirror image.

Enantiomers

Pair of chiral molecules that are mirror images of each other.

Racemisation

Conversion of an optically active compound into a racemic mixture.

Stereochemistry

Study of the three-dimensional structure of molecules and their spatial arrangement.

Hydrogen Atom Replacement

The substitution of hydrogen atoms by halogen atoms in hydrocarbons.

Chloramphenicol

A chlorine-containing antibiotic effective against typhoid fever.

Thyroxine

An iodine-containing hormone produced by the body; deficiency causes goiter.

Chloroquine

A synthetic medication used to treat malaria.

Halothane

A halogenated anesthetic used during surgeries.

Polyhalogen Compounds

Compounds consisting of multiple halogen atoms that persist in the environment.

Markovnikov’s Rule

Rule stating that in the addition of HX to alkenes, the more substituted carbon atom will receive the halogen.

Nucleophile

An electron-rich species that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond.

Leaving Group

An atom or group that dissociates from the substrate in a chemical reaction.

Bond Polarity

The distribution of electrical charge along a bond, leading to dipole formation.

Resonance Structures

Different Lewis structures that represent the same molecule, illustrating electron delocalization.

Dihaloalkanes

Alkyl halides with two halogen atoms; can be classified into geminal (both halogens on the same carbon) and vicinal (halogens on adjacent carbons).

Solubility of Haloalkanes

Haloalkanes are slightly soluble in water but completely soluble in organic solvents due to their polar nature.

Boiling Point Trend

Boiling points of haloalkanes are higher than their hydrocarbon counterparts due to dipole-dipole interactions.

Reactive Halides

Halides that readily react with nucleophiles or bases to form new organic compounds.

Halogen Exchange Reaction

A reaction where halogen atoms are exchanged between compounds.

Reactant Identification

The process of identifying reactants in a chemical reaction based on structural analysis.

Environmental Hazards

Risks posed to the environment due to persistent halogenated compounds.

Industrial Applications

Utilization of haloalkanes and haloarenes in solvents, drugs, and various chemical processes.

Free Radical Halogenation

A reaction where alkanes react with halogens in the presence of light, resulting in haloalkanes.

Dipole Moment

A measure of the polarity of a chemical bond; affects interaction with other molecules.

Synthesis of Alkyl Halides

Methods for synthesizing alkyl halides from various precursors like alcohols and alkenes.

Zaitsev's Rule

Rule stating that the major product of elimination reactions is the most substituted alkene.