nr222 week 3 (unit 4) questions #2

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering growth and development theories (Piaget, Erikson, Kohlberg), life span milestones, and pediatric health promotion according to the lecture transcript.

How is 'Growth' defined in the context of human life span development?

Physical changes from prenatal stages through old age which show progress or decline.

What does 'Development' involve from conception onward?

Biological, cognitive, and emotional changes.

What is the primary reason nursing students study developmental theories?

To understand expected growth and behavior patterns across the lifespan.

How is biophysical development defined?

How human bodies grow and change over time.

In biophysical development, what does the cephalocaudal pattern represent?

Growth where the head develops before the lower body.

In biophysical development, what does the proximodistal pattern represent?

Growth that starts at the center and moves outward to the limbs.

According to Gesell’s theory of development, what two factors direct a child's unique growth pattern?

Genetic activity and environmental factors.

Which theorists’ work is the most common psychosocial theory used by nurses?

Erik Erikson

What is the focus of Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

Children’s intellectual organization, specifically how they think, reason, and perceive the world.

Which model does Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development focus on?

Changes in thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that influence beliefs about right and wrong from birth through adulthood.

What are Piaget’s four periods of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

What is the key milestone of the sensorimotor stage, occurring from birth to approximately $2$ years old?

Object permanence.

In the preoperational stage, what does the term 'animism' refer to?

Children attributing emotions and thoughts to inanimate objects.

In Piaget's concrete operational stage ($7$ to $11$ years old), what is the definition of 'reversibility'?

The ability to mentally reverse steps of an action to return to the starting point.

In the concrete operational stage, what is 'conservation'?

Recognizing that objects or quantities remain the same despite changes in appearance.

Adolescents in the formal operational stage often exhibit which kind of thinking regarding their own emotions?

Egocentric thinking where they believe their thoughts and emotions are unique and not shared by others.

In Kohlberg’s theory, what describes Stage $1$: Punishment and Obedience Orientation?

Decisions are based primarily on self-interest and avoiding punishment.

What characterizes Stage $4$: Society-Maintaining Orientation in Kohlberg’s theory?

Decisions are guided by laws and societal order.

In Kohlberg's Stage $6$, what are decisions based on?

Abstract, universal ethical principles like justice and human rights.

What impact is experienced by an individual who fails to achieve developmental milestones?

Future developmental milestone achievement may be delayed.

What is the psychosocial conflict of infancy ($birth$ to $18\text{ months}$)?

Trust versus mistrust.

What favorable trait is formed by the successful mastery of 'Trust' in infancy?

Hope and optimism.

What is the psychosocial conflict of toddlerhood?

Autonomy versus shame and doubt.

What does the formation of autonomy result in for a toddler?

Willpower and self-control.

What is the psychosocial conflict for the preschool-aged child?

Initiative versus guilt.

What conflict do school-aged children face in Erikson's theory?

Industry versus inferiority.

According to Erikson, what results from the successful formation of industry?

Competence.

What is the primary psychosocial question an adolescent ($identity\text{ versus role confusion}$) tries to answer?

Who am I?

What results from the successful formation of identity in adolescence?

Fidelity.

What is the psychosocial conflict for the young adult?

Intimacy versus isolation.

What is the psychosocial conflict of the middle adult?

Generativity versus stagnation.

What results from the formation of integrity in the older adult?

Wisdom.

What is the time frame defined as the neonatal period?

From birth to $28\text{ days}$ of life.

What is the weight range for an average newborn?

$2700\text{--}4000\text{ grams}$ ($6\text{--}9\text{ pounds}$).

Why is it common for a newborn to lose up to $10\%$ of its birth weight in the first few days?

Fluid loss through respiration, urination, and defecation, and low fluid intake.

By what age should a newborn regain its birth weight?

$2\text{ weeks}$ of age.

What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for nutrition during the first $6\text{ months}$ of life?

Exclusive breastfeeding.

When should fruit juice be introduced to an infant's diet, according to the guidelines?

Not before $12\text{ months}$ of age.

By $12\text{ months}$, how many words can an infant typically say?

$3\text{--}5\text{ words}$.

When does separation anxiety commonly appear in infants?

At $9\text{ months}$.

What are three contraindications to receiving a vaccination in children?

Severe febrile illness, immunocompromised status (for live vaccines), and known allergic response to components.

What does the acronym SAFE PAD help caregivers remember?

Common infant injuries, risk factors, and safety precautions.

What is the safest way to secure a car seat if the LATCH system is unavailable?

Using the safety restraint (seat belt).

In general, how does a toddler’s height at $2\text{ years}$ of age relate to adult height?

Adult height is twice the height at $2\text{ years}$ of age.

What is the recommended daily limit for milk intake for a toddler to avoid iron-deficiency anemia?

$24\text{ ounces}$ per day.

What type of play is characteristic of toddlers, where they play beside others without direct interaction?

Parallel play.

Between what ages does the development of sphincter control typically occur for toilet training?

$18\text{ and }24\text{ months}$.

What is the definition of 'associative play' in preschoolers?

Playing with other children without structured rules or organization.

What is the primary focus of vision checks starting in the preschool years?

Detecting strabismus (when eyes do not look in the same direction).

How long should a child remain in a child restraint seat or booster seat?

Until $4\text{ feet } 9\text{ inches}$ tall or until ages $8\text{--}12$.