Term Review - EDF2005

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38 Terms

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GRIT

  • Growth, Resilience, Integrity, and Tenacity

  • The passion and perseverance for long-term goals.

  • People take a bad situation, learn from it and overcome it.

  • Maintaining a certain passion despite adversity.

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Expectation theory

A student’s academic performance can be improved based upon the teacher’s attitude.

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Cultural Difference theory

Academic problems can be solved if educators study the cultural gap that separates school from home.

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Deficit theory

Values, language, and behavior that children from certain racial and ethnic groups bring to school can put them at an educational disadvantage.

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Self Fulfilling Prophecy

  • A belief so intense it can influence your behaviors and cause the belief to come true.

  • Our attitude about certain instances can influence the outcome.

  • An individual’s expectations about a person or event could result in those expectations.

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Stereotypes v. Generalizations

  • Stereotypes are often negative perceptions of a group based on inaccurate information.

  • Generalizations are more complex, while stereotypes are less complex.

  • Generalizations are based upon a few facts to create a broader statement.

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Social Justice

  • The belief that everyone deserves equal rights, opportunities, and treatment.

  • Equal treatment across various political aspects.

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Digital Divide

  • The gap between those who can access technology and those who cannot

  • A problem affecting modern education across several diverse groups.

  • Unequal access to digital technology.

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Flipped classroom

  • Getting exposed to instructional material at home and then coming to class ready to work with teacher guidance.

  • Problem-solving is developed in the classroom and instruction is done at home.

  • Students encounter information before class, freeing class time for interactive activities.

  • Direct instruction isn’t the most effective type of instruction.

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Education in Colonial America.

  • Widely based on religion and culture.

  • Education was not standardized.

  • Availability of education was based on race, gender and the amount of money a family possessed.

  • Teachers weren’t qualified for the job.

  • Reading was the most valued skill taught.

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NORMAL SCHOOL

  • Developed to train elementary-school teachers for public schools.

  • Model for teacher-training schools.

  • To establish the profession and give willing candidates the proper education.

  • To promote model education for primary and secondary students.

  • Developed by Samuel Read Hall. French influence!

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Common School Movement

  • The effort to use public funds to support schools.

  • Started systematic schooling in the United States.

  • Started free schooling.

  • Developed by Horace Mann.

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Reverend Samuel Hall

Established the first school of education (Normal school).

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Horace Mann

Started the Common School Movement.

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John Dewey

Formed the foundation for Progressive education.

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Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA).

  • Enacted in 1965.

  • Became the No Child Left Behind Act in 2002.

  • Provided federal funding to schools.

  • Landmark commitment to equal access to quality education.

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Title One Funding.

  • Provides local educational agencies resources that help children gain high-quality education.

  • Helps the highest percentage of children from low-income families.

  • Additional academic support and learning opportunities.

  • Established to meet state standards.

  • Helps students reach proficiency on challenging state standards.

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Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA).

  • Provision of the No Child Left Behind Act.

  • Signed into law by President Obama in 2015.

  • Ensures that public schools provide a good education.

  • Schools are held accountable for their students’ learning and success.

  • The first time in the United States where students are required to be taught to the highest academic standard.

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Adequately Yearly Progress (AYP)

  • Schools must make academic progress yearly.

  • Provision of the No Child Left Behind Act.

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Annual Measurable Objectives (AMOs)

Yearly targets in reading and math for each subgroup, school, and district.

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Growth Indicators

  • Varied and used to track students, schools, and educational systems.

  • Ex: test scores, grades, attendance, etc.

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Plessy v. Ferguson

  • Concluded that separate but equal was constitutional.

  • Decided by the U.S. Supreme Court on May 18, 1896.'

  • First major inquiry into the meaning of the 14th Amendment.

  • Decided on a seven-to-one majority vote.

  • Overturned by Brown v. Board of Education.

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Brown v. Board of Education

  • Concluded that racial segregation in public schools violated the 14th Amendment.

  • Decided by the U.S. Supreme Court on May 17, 1954.

  • Ruling was unanimous, nine-to-zero vote.

  • Played a crucial role in the American Civil Rights Movement.

  • Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson.

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The Education for all Handicapped Children Act, Public Law 94-142

  • Guarantees free and appropriate public education for children with disabilities.

  • Passed in 1975.

  • ‘Later named Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.

  • Ensured public schools were given federal funds that could enable equal access to education for these children with developed individualized education programs (IEPs).

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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

  • U.S. federal law ensuring students with disabilities receive a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE).

  • Revision of the Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975.

  • Passed October 30, 1990.

  • Built upon several key principles : FAPE (Free Appropriate Public Education), LRE (Least Restrictive Environment), IEP (Individualized Education Program), and parent participation.

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Lau v. Nichols

  • A case that ruled a California school district receiving federal funds must provide non-English speaking students with English language instruction.

  • Ruled by the U.S. Supreme Court on January 21, 1974.

  • Centered around Chinese-speaking students in San Francisco.

  • Ruled that the California school district violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

  • Led to the implementation of bilingual education programs.

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ESOL Consent Decree

  • A compliance with several federal and state laws regarding the education of English Language Learner students.

  • An agreement ensuring that LEP (Limited English Proficient) students receive equal education.

  • A legal agreement specific to each state in the United States.

  • Established in Florida on August 14, 1990.

  • Stems from a lawsuit filed against the Florida State Board of Education by the League of the United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) and other groups.

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A Nation at Risk

  • A 1983 report of the United States National Commission on Excellence in Education.

  • Landmark event in modern American educational history.

  • Main idea was that the American education system was failing to prepare students for the demands of the global economy

  • Sanctioned by Ronald Reagan.

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Teacher Centered Philosophies of Education

  • Essentialism and Perennialism

  • Focuses on teachers being the primary source of knowledge and authority in the classroom.

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Essentialism

A philosophy that emphasizes teaching children the core subjects like reading, writing, math, science, history, etc.

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Perennialism

A philosophy that emphasizes teaching timeless ideas and principles.

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Student Centered Philosophies of Education

  • Progressivism, Social Reconstructionism, Existentialism

  • Prioritizes the learner’s needs and interests.

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Progressivism

A philosophy that emphasizes active learning.

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Social Reconstructionism

A philosophy that views schools as agents for social change.

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Existentialism

A philosophy that emphasizes individual freedom.

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Social and Emotional Learning

  • A process that helps individuals develop skills needed to understand their emotions.

  • Contains 5 components : self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision making.

  • Became popular in the 1990s.

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Restorative Justice

  • A method for resolving conflict and addressing misconduct.

  • Arised due to the failure of traditional disciplinary practices.

  • Started in the 1970s.

  • Mainly focusing on restoring schools by repairing harm and building relationships rather than enforcing punishment.

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90/90/90 Schools Research

  • A research concept that identifies schools where at least 90% of students are minority ethnic group, 90% qualify for free/reduced lunch, and 90% meet/exceed state academic standards.

  • Highlighted that despite high poverty and minority populations these schools can achieve high academic standards.

  • Lasted 4 years and spanned from 1995-1998.