Term Review - EDF2005

GRIT

• Growth, Resilience, Integrity, and Tenacity

• The passion and perseverance for long-term goals.

• People take a bad situation, learn from it and overcome it.

• Maintaining a certain passion despite adversity.

Expectation theory

A student’s academic performance can be improved based upon the teacher’s attitude.

Cultural Difference theory

Academic problems can be solved if educators study the cultural gap that separates school from home.

Deficit theory

Values, language, and behavior that children from certain racial and ethnic groups bring to school can put them at an educational disadvantage.

Self Fulfilling Prophecy

• A belief so intense it can influence your behaviors and cause the belief to come true.

• Our attitude about certain instances can influence the outcome.

• An individual’s expectations about a person or event could result in those expectations.

Stereotypes v. Generalizations

• Stereotypes are often negative perceptions of a group based on inaccurate information.

• Generalizations are more complex, while stereotypes are less complex.

• Generalizations are based upon a few facts to create a broader statement.

Social Justice

• The belief that everyone deserves equal rights, opportunities, and treatment.

• Equal treatment across various political aspects.

Digital Divide

• The gap between those who can access technology and those who cannot

• A problem affecting modern education across several diverse groups.

• Unequal access to digital technology.

Flipped classroom

• Getting exposed to instructional material at home and then coming to class ready to work with teacher guidance.

• Problem-solving is developed in the classroom and instruction is done at home.

• Students encounter information before class, freeing class time for interactive activities.

• Direct instruction isn’t the most effective type of instruction.

Education in Colonial America.

• Widely based on religion and culture.

• Education was not standardized.

• Availability of education was based on race, gender and the amount of money a family possessed.

• Teachers weren’t qualified for the job.

• Reading was the most valued skill taught.

NORMAL SCHOOL

• Developed to train elementary-school teachers for public schools.

• Model for teacher-training schools.

• To establish the profession and give willing candidates the proper education.

• To promote model education for primary and secondary students.

• Developed by Samuel Read Hall. French influence!

Common School Movement

• The effort to use public funds to support schools.

• Started systematic schooling in the United States.

• Started free schooling.

• Developed by Horace Mann.

Reverend Samuel Hall

Established the first school of education (Normal school).

Horace Mann

Started the Common School Movement.

John Dewey

Formed the foundation for Progressive education.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA).

• Enacted in 1965.

• Became the No Child Left Behind Act in 2002.

• Provided federal funding to schools.

• Landmark commitment to equal access to quality education.

Title One Funding.

• Provides local educational agencies resources that help children gain high-quality education.

• Helps the highest percentage of children from low-income families.

• Additional academic support and learning opportunities.

• Established to meet state standards.

• Helps students reach proficiency on challenging state standards.

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA).

• Provision of the No Child Left Behind Act.

• Signed into law by President Obama in 2015.

• Ensures that public schools provide a good education.

• Schools are held accountable for their students’ learning and success.

• The first time in the United States where students are required to be taught to the highest academic standard.

Adequately Yearly Progress (AYP)

• Schools must make academic progress yearly.

• Provision of the No Child Left Behind Act.

Annual Measurable Objectives (AMOs)

Yearly targets in reading and math for each subgroup, school, and district.

Growth Indicators

• Varied and used to track students, schools, and educational systems.

• Ex: test scores, grades, attendance, etc.

Plessy v. Ferguson

• Concluded that separate but equal was constitutional.

• Decided by the U.S. Supreme Court on May 18, 1896.'

• First major inquiry into the meaning of the 14th Amendment.

• Decided on a seven-to-one majority vote.

• Overturned by Brown v. Board of Education.

Brown v. Board of Education

• Concluded that racial segregation in public schools violated the 14th Amendment.

• Decided by the U.S. Supreme Court on May 17, 1954.

• Ruling was unanimous, nine-to-zero vote.

• Played a crucial role in the American Civil Rights Movement.

• Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson.

The Education for all Handicapped Children Act, Public Law 94-142

• Guarantees free and appropriate public education for children with disabilities.

• Passed in 1975.

• ‘Later named Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.

• Ensured public schools were given federal funds that could enable equal access to education for these children with developed individualized education programs (IEPs).

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

• U.S. federal law ensuring students with disabilities receive a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE).

• Revision of the Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975.

• Passed October 30, 1990.

• Built upon several key principles : FAPE (Free Appropriate Public Education), LRE (Least Restrictive Environment), IEP (Individualized Education Program), and parent participation.

Lau v. Nichols

• A case that ruled a California school district receiving federal funds must provide non-English speaking students with English language instruction.

• Ruled by the U.S. Supreme Court on January 21, 1974.

• Centered around Chinese-speaking students in San Francisco.

• Ruled that the California school district violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

• Led to the implementation of bilingual education programs.

ESOL Consent Decree

• A compliance with several federal and state laws regarding the education of English Language Learner students.

• An agreement ensuring that LEP (Limited English Proficient) students receive equal education.

• A legal agreement specific to each state in the United States.

• Established in Florida on August 14, 1990.

• Stems from a lawsuit filed against the Florida State Board of Education by the League of the United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) and other groups.

A Nation at Risk

• A 1983 report of the United States National Commission on Excellence in Education.

• Landmark event in modern American educational history.

• Main idea was that the American education system was failing to prepare students for the demands of the global economy

• Sanctioned by Ronald Reagan.

Teacher Centered Philosophies of Education

• Essentialism and Perennialism

• Focuses on teachers being the primary source of knowledge and authority in the classroom.

Essentialism

A philosophy that emphasizes teaching children the core subjects like reading, writing, math, science, history, etc.

Perennialism

A philosophy that emphasizes teaching timeless ideas and principles.

Student Centered Philosophies of Education

• Progressivism, Social Reconstructionism, Existentialism

• Prioritizes the learner’s needs and interests.

Progressivism

A philosophy that emphasizes active learning.

Social Reconstructionism

A philosophy that views schools as agents for social change.

Existentialism

A philosophy that emphasizes individual freedom.

Social and Emotional Learning

• A process that helps individuals develop skills needed to understand their emotions.

• Contains 5 components : self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision making.

• Became popular in the 1990s.

Restorative Justice

• A method for resolving conflict and addressing misconduct.

• Arised due to the failure of traditional disciplinary practices.

• Started in the 1970s.

• Mainly focusing on restoring schools by repairing harm and building relationships rather than enforcing punishment.

90/90/90 Schools Research

• A research concept that identifies schools where at least 90% of students are minority ethnic group, 90% qualify for free/reduced lunch, and 90% meet/exceed state academic standards.

• Highlighted that despite high poverty and minority populations these schools can achieve high academic standards.

• Lasted 4 years and spanned from 1995-1998.

Block Grants

• Provide a sum of money for broader areas.

• States have more freedom to spend money with Block grants.

• Freely-used funds.

Categorical Grants

• Come with specific rules and requirements for funds usage.

• The federal government controls the money that comes from Categorical grants.

• Restricted funds.

Federal Funding for Education

• Accounts for less than 10% of overall funding for public schools.

• Administered through the U.S. Department of Education.

• Fluctuates depending on the country’s economic state.

• Mostly goes towards high-poverty schools and special education.

State Funding for Education

• Makes up about 90% of the overall funding for public schools.

• Comes mainly from property taxes.

10th Amendment

States that individual states are given the power to govern education.

Local Sources of School Funding

• Mainly comes from property taxes.

• Gather revenue to help determine the amount of funding each individual school gets.

• Funding also comes from the community and school fees.

• Makes up 50% of public school funding.

School Governance

• Shared between state and local levels.

• The local level of school governance manages day-to-day operations.

• The state level of school governance sets the mandated standards and policies.

Misfeasance - teacher liability

Failure to conduct in an appropriate manner an act that might otherwise be considered lawful. Ex: Using too much force to break up a fight.

Nonfeasance - teacher liability

Failure to perform an act that one has a duty to perform. Ex: You are assigned bus duty, but you are late because you were in your classroom on the phone. A kid gets hurt at the bus loop because of lack of adult supervision.

Malfeasance - teacher liability

An illegal or unlawful act. Ex: Bringing marijuana to school.

Educational malpractice - teacher liability

Failing to provide adequate education, academic damage. Most difficult to prove in court.

Buckley amendment

Also known as the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA). It’s a US Federal law that protects the privacy of student’s educational records.

Ability grouping

The practice of organizing students into groups based on their perceived or assessed abilities, often with the goal of tailoring instruction to their specific needs.

What are the different learning styles?

Visual, Auditory, Reading/Writing, Kinesthetic/Tactile

Visual learners

Prefers to see info presented in ways like charts, diagrams, maps, and etc. Images and videos! 

Auditory learners

Excel at processing info through sound and spoken words. Lectures, discussions, and verbal explanations! 

Reading/Writing learners

Learners prefer to learn through written text and written exercises. Reading and taking notes! 

Kinesthetic/Tactile learners

Thrive on hands-on activities, physical movement, and real-life experiences. Doing and physical engagement! 

Accountability

Refers to the mechanisms and practices that hold educators, schools, districts, and sometimes students themselves, responsible for achieving specific educational goals and standards.