WHAP 34 Lecture Notes + Class Notes

Industrial Revolution + Nationalism =

Imperialism - Colonization

Cecil Rhodes

- Champion of British Imperialism

- British are the finest race & imperial expansion is its duty

Britain dominates the world during the

1800s

Old Imperialism = Trading Post Empires =

Empires of the Wind

Searching for

gold, silver, spices, silk, porcelain

Britain begins to dominate after

7 Years War (1756-1763)

New Imperialism

Industrial Revolution allows Europeans to dominate the world

Europeans acquire

large territories for mining (tin, copper) & plantations (sugar/rubber)

Searching for industrial products...

tin, copper, rubber, and cotton meat/wheat for workers

Employ indirect rule since

territories were so large (India and Dutch East Indies)

industrial revolution

need raw materials & markets for finished/manufactured goods

economic competition w/ other nations

mercantilism is an economic philosophy in which countries attempted to win more bullion (gold/silver) than each other

extreme nationalism

country with the most colonies wins

turn siam (thailand) into a buffer states separates

France Indochina from Burma/India

Geopolitical motives:

british need to control strategic sea lanes

a. malacca strait (singapore)

b. strait of gibraltar

c. india

d. suez canal (lifeline)

e. capetown (tip of africa)

population pressure:

europeans move to temperate regions looking for work

unwanted population (convicts/debtors)

go to australia

50 million europeans will migrate between

1800-1914

religious motives

europeans desire to spread christianity

social darwinism

belief that europeans has evolved to a higher level and were more fit to rule the world

White Man's Burden

rudyard kipling

- belief that the british were the most fit race on earth and were obligated to spread civilization to the "less fit" people of the world

France - mission civilisatrice

tools of empire

- transportation

- military

- communication

transportation

a. steamships

b. canals (suez/panama)

c. railroads

military

a. steamships (gunships)

b. military weaponry (maxim machine gun - 11 bullets/sec)

communication

a. steamships

b. railroads

c. telegraph (submarine lines) *2 years to 5 hours

types of colonial rule

a. concessionary rule (company rule)

b. indirect rule

c. direct rule

d. settler rule

concessionary rule (company rule)

private company empowered to build infrastructure/collect taxes

a. inexpensive

b. brutal

c. not much profit for britain

indirect rule

british rule through local rulers

a. use indigenous mughal rulers/nobles/rajas as zamindars to collect taxes/maintain order for the British rulers

direct rule

french rule directly ** French indochina (vietnam, cambodia, laos)

a. europeans collect taxes and maintain order directly

settler rule

europeans migrate to temperate regions and create significant majority

a. french in algeria, dutch/british in s. africa, british in australia & new zealand

scramble for africa

interior of africa opened during 1875-1900

- sometimes called dark continent because it was mysterious

dr livingstone

missionary who provided information about africa

henry stanley searches for

livingstone and explores congo for king leopold

britain to take over egypt to protect

the suez canal lifeline to india

king leopold (belgium) ruthlessly rules

congo (develops rubber plantations)

south africa

dutch establish cape town as a supply station in 1652

dutch settlers are also known as

boers or afrikaners

boer war

1899-1902

dutch v south africa

british defeat the dutch boers in a particularly vicious war

australia aka

new holland/tetra australis (southern)

xhosas kill their cattle, believing it would

drive the whites to the sea

British impose "white rule or black africans" to

appease the afrikaners

berlin conference of 1884-5

led by the German, otto von bismark

a. colonization of africa

b. only Ethiopia (defeated italy) and liberia (freed am. slaves) remained independent

india ruled by

the british east india company

sepoys rebel because

the animal fat-greased cartridges

british government takes over india and creates the

british raj

queen victoria = empress of india

a. educate indian elite (like gandhi) to help rule india

b. indian national congress * push for autonomy/sef-government

british establish settler colonies in

australia (convicts) and new zealand

disease devastate the ___ peoples

indigenous (aborigines & maoris)

oceania partitioned:

but europe needed naval ports & coaling stations

the emergence of new imperial powers

united states and japan

monroe doctrine

americas become a protectorate *no european colonization

united states acquire

puerto rico, cuba (kinda), guam & phillipines after SP-AM war

Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldo, rebel against

the US but loses

US and British investments in latin america creates

economic imperialism

ottoman empire loses balkans because of

nationalism (greece & serbia)

consequences of imperialism - global economy

colonies transformed into exporting regions (india transformed)

consequences of imperialism - long distance migration is stimulated

european settlers and asian indentured servants *partiuclarly indentured servants to guyana/caribbean

consequences of imperialism - global conflict between empires

one causes of WWI

consequences of imperialism - independence movements stimulated by nationalism

india & phillipines