History 1302 Test 1

9/20/26

What events brought Indian land under the eyes of settlers again?

1. The California Gold Rush- A lot of people came to California in 1849 for gold.

2. Transcontinental Railroad ( completed 1869)

3. Homestead Act- If you live on and improve land, it's yours. Used to encourage settlement (aimed toward soldiers).

4. The organization of territorial governments in those areas.

What did Native Americans under siege do as a response?

Native Americans attempted to fight back.

What did the creation of the Reservation Policy do to affect Natives?

It made settlement impossible for Native Americans.

Indian wars (1864-1886)

• Won some battles, but lost the war.

• Continued this policy with the Natives of the Pacific Northwest.

What is the Historical Significance of the Indian Wars?

• Natives sought relief in holy men and religious rites.

• A series of massacres, such as the massacres at Wounded Knee, Sand Creek etc.

• Today, Native Americans still fight for their rights.

Internal Empire

The colonization and development within America’s borders.

What are the 4 components of the Internal Empire?

1. Formation of Mining Towns

2. Trains (laying tracks)- 1865: America had more rail laid than all of Europe combined.

3. Mormon Settlement of the Mountain West- they set up multiple outpost settlements of the Mountain West.

4. The Open Range and Cattle Drives- connected cattle trails to major railroads, often led to frontier violence and range wars.

Who was apart of the Internal Empire?

The people who were apart of the Internal Empire were Mormons, Immigrants, Chinese, and Americans.

What is the Internal Empire?

The Internal Empire is the colonization and development within America.

When was the Internal Empire?

The Internal Empire takes place between 1849 and the mid 1800s.

What is the sequence of events throughout the Internal Empire?

1. The California Gold rush (1849)

2. Transcontinental Railroad (1869)

3. Homestead Act

4. Territorial government

5. Mormon Settlement

Where was the Internal Empire?

The internal empire was in the American Wild West and in California and New York.

What is the Historical Significance of the Internal Empire?

The frontier transformed, urbanization began, and America grew within itself to project toward other countries.

What led to population in the plains?

• Homestead Act of 1862

• Most settlers bought land outright that was owned by the state, land companies, land inspectors, and the railroads.

• America becomes the world’s bread basket.

What was the toll of the westward migration on the environment?

• The introduction of new plants and animals and the destruction of others led to massive changes. (biggest example is the buffalo)

• Biggest problem was the water- Without irrigation, the land dies. Protect the environment to protect the water.

Old West Vs. Wild West

• This disappearance of the Old West coincided with the growing legend of the Wild West and its place in popular American culture that still exists today.

What is the Development of Professionalism?

• Study things in isolation, sought to become the expert in that specific field.

  
  

• This isolation of specific things led to an explosion.

Who was important during The Golden Age of Inventing?

• Alexander Graham Bell

Where were some of the greatest inventors of all time during the Golden Age of Inventing?

• Thomas Edison- A mechanism to make lightbulbs available to everyone

• Nikola Tesla- Tesla coil

• Orville and Wilbur Wright- Airplane

• Philo Farnsworth- Television

How does Mechanization Take command?

• Using machines means lower overhead and higher production.

• Increase in markets means more wealth

How does the command of mechanization get translated into the gospel of wealth?

• The rich are stewards of their own money. The society's money that you have to give out.

• This was based on 2 very dangerous assumptions: if you work hard, you'll eventually get rich; if you're not rich, it's not your problem.

• An example of this line of thinking is John Rockefeller.

• Taken together, these were instrumental in the growth and development of the concept of Social Darwinism.

What was the population in the U.S? (1870)

35,558,00

What was the population of the U.S? 1885

75,995,000

What percent was Urban population?

9,902,000 (25.7% total), 30,160,000 (39.7%)

What were the primary sources of this urban growth?

• Migrants- African Americans, and immigrants form south and Eastern Europe

• Settled with like people because of both desire and pressure.

What things characterized the Modern American City?

• Had to figure out what to do with so many people: tenement housing, businesses, and transportation.

• Growth of the suburbs and development of downtown commercial areas.

What were some Urban problems that were apart of Modern American Cities?

1. Sanitation- development of modern sewage systems

2. Disease- the creation of regional hospitals

3. Crime- Modern police systems.

Labor in the age of Business

• this proves to be a mixed bag for the laboring classes- to some oppressed groups, this allowed them to earn money. For artisans that are working class this is bad.

What can the laboring classes do to combat growing discrepancies?

• Counter the Gospel of Wealth with The Gospel of Work ( wealth isn’t the goal, competency is.)

• 2nd key thing is to Organize.

Knight of Labor (1869)

• very inclusive organization had a huge list of measures they wanted to change and wanted to overturn the wage system and set up American businesses as cooperatives. And see the beginning of the end of their power with the incident known as the Haymarket Square Riot.

What are the 3 points of the Haymarket Affair

1. Most of these new labor unions were made up of immigrants.

2. There is another group of immigrants that anarchists.

3. This is the worst nightmare of industrial capitalists.

How was Labor in the Age of Business?

• As industrial labor became more organized, it also became more hierarchical and exclusionary (2 pts.); certain groups are excluded from labor unions and jobs. The most excluded are the Chinese.

American Federation of Labor

• Haymarket meant that union labor needed to have a new kind of organization.

• Founded the Haymarket affair- Focused on better working conditions; they accepted the wage-business- owner model, and they had some success.

• Allowed workers to develop leisure time activities

What happened during the time period 1870-1900 during the Rise of Consumer Society?

• The standard of living climbed, although unevenly.

• One similarity among the three classes was consumption.

what were some of the Development of Cultural Connections?

• Education- the country leaders recognize this is important to have an educated citizenry. An explosion of institutions of higher education (colleges, universities, etc.)

• Leisure and Public Space- Rise and popularity of sports: baseball and boxing. Parks were made for people to relax.

Quick Breakdown of America 1790 and Today

1970 pop- 3,980,000 / # of states-13 / GPD: 187 million / National debt: 17 Mil

Today pop- 341 Mil / # of states- 50 / GPD: 30 Trillion / National Debt: 40 Trillion

What are some parts of the Development of Government?

• Growth of local government- taking more responsibilities for the lives of its citizens, increased taxes.

• State and national governments also increased their functions.

• Government growth meant more was at stake and also more chances for corruption.

Growth of Political Machines

• By the 1870s, partisan politics had become a full-time occupation.

• Campaign workers expected patronage jobs.

• In large cities, politics came to be controlled by political “Machines” controlled by bosses who would specialize in exchanging jobs and other favors for voters.

what led to Reformation of the System?

• Assassination of James Garfield

• Information about the assassination

• This led to Civil Service reform

• Pendleton Civil Service Reform

What are some reasons for the Rise of Populism?

• The Granger Movement- meant to get out to farmers to give them opportunities they otherwise wouldn't have.

• With the downward turn of the Granger Movement, agrarian unrest turned South.

• Formation of the Southern and Northern Farmers’ Alliance, which later merged into one.

-Also formation of the colored Farmers’ Alliance.

Gospel of Wealth ID

who?- The Gospel of Wealth is an essay written by Andrew Carnegie.

When?- The Gospel of Wealth was written in 1889.

What?- It argues that wealthy people have an obligation to give away their fortunes to improve society.

Series of events?- The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, the Haymarket Riot of 1886, and Carnegie’s public backlash (late 1800s).

Historical significance? The Gospel of Wealth reshaped American philanthropy and created a blueprint for billionaire giving.

Development of Modern US Cities ID?

Who?-

When?-

What?-

Series of events?

Historical Significance?-

Native Land Under Siege ID?

Who?- Native americans

When?- Wars happened throughout 1864-1886.

What?- Under the Reservation Policy, it was made impossible for native americans to settle, and Native Americans tried to fight back.

Series of events?- The California Gold Rush, completion of the transcontinental railroad, and the Homestead Act put Native land in the eyes of settlers.

Historical Significance?- Continued Reservation policy with the Natives of the Pacific Northwest, and massacres at Wounded Knee, Sand Creek, etc.

Internal Empire ID?-

Who?- The people who were part of the Internal Empire were Mormons and Americans.

When?- It happened during the 1849 mid 18 hundereds.

What?- The colonization and development within America’s borders

Series of events?- California Gold Rush 1849, Completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869, Homestead Act, organization of territorial governments, trains, and Mormon settlement.

Historical Significance?- The frontier transformed; urbanisation, America grows within to project toward other countries.

Golden Age of Inventing ID?

Who?- Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla, and Philo Farnsworth.

When?-The golden age of inventing was 1856.

What?- The rise of the infrastructure revolution and the creation of inventions.

Series of events?- TAlexander Ghram Bell invented the telephone(1876), Thomas Edison developed the phonograph and light bulb (1878-1879), Nikola Tesla devloped alternating current, and the Wright brother fomred a airplane.

Historical Significance?- The creation of the Tesla coil, early aerodynamic vehicles, and electric light bulbs became a blue print for modern items and vehicles.

Gospel of Work ID?

Who?- The gospel of work was made by Thomas Carlyle

When?- The gospel of work peaked during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

What?- Used to counter the Gospel of Wealth ( Wealth is not the goal, comptency is.) key thing is to organize.

Series of events? The death of traditional craftsmanship, the rise of mammonism and the cash nexus, and working-class unrest.

Historical Significance?- Influences middle-class values, work ethics, and writers

Rise of Populism ID?

Who?- FArmers, populist party

When?- Coordinated in 1892,

What?- Some people turned to socialism as an alternative.

Series of events? Populism created the Populist Party, which cooperated in 1892; its goal was to unify farmers and workers, push for government regulation of railroads, and call for bimetallism to back their money.

Historical Significance?- Reshaped Major political parties, introduced major institutional reforms, and shifted economic policy.

Haymarket Affair ID?

Who?- Labour protesters, anarchists accused of the bombing, and Chicago police.

When?- It happened on May 4, 1886.

What?- The Haymarket affair began when someone threw a bomb at police, and then someone fired into the crowd.

Series of events? Workers were ons trike for an eight-hour workday; a rally was held at Haymarket Square, a bomb exploded, several police officers and civilians died, leading to a trial of eight anarchists.

Historical Significance?- Damages the Knights of Labor; led to the creation of May Day.

American Federation of Labor (AFL) ID?

Who?- The AFL was founded and led by Samuel Gompers, along with union delegates.

When?- It was founded in 1886 in Ohio and existed until 1955.

What?- The AFL practiced unionism and focused on goals like higher wages, shorter work hours, and safer conditions.

Series of events?- The foundation of the Federation of Organized Trades and Labour Unions, the rise of the Knights of Labour 1885-1886, the failed treaty and trade union revolt (1886), and the fallout of they haymarket affair 1886.

Historical Significance?-It transformed the American trade union movement into an accepted force within the capitalist economic system.

What is Laissez-Faire?

The debate over whether the government should stay completely out of business (laissez-faire) or create rules (regulation).

What is Industrialization?

Industrialization: How the country shifted from farms to factories.

A political movement started mostly by farmers that fought for the rights of everyday people against big business and banks.

Populism

Efforts to make sure government jobs were given to qualified people, not just political supporters.

Civil City Reform

A religious movement that tried to apply Christian ethics to fix social problems like poverty and poor working conditions.

Social Gospel