Chemistry Laboratory Experiments 1-3 Vocabulary Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards generated from chemistry laboratory experiments covering operations, solutions, acid-base properties, indicator colors, chemical equations, and acid preparations.

Lower Meniscus

The curved lower surface of a liquid column in a graduated cylinder, which must be aligned at eye level to accurately measure liquid volume.

Glass Rod Technique

The method of holding a glass rod against the lip of a vessel while pouring liquid to prevent spilling, prevent splashing, control flow, and permit clear visual observation.

Upper Portion Test Tube Heating

The procedure of heating the top section of liquid in a test tube held at a $45^\text{o}$ angle to promote even heating, ensure uniform mixing as hotter liquid rises and cooler liquid sinks, control evaporation, and avoid tube breakage or aggressive boiling.

Precipitate (PPT)

An insoluble solid formed in a liquid solution as a result of a chemical reaction between two solutions.

Ferric Hydroxide [$\text{Fe(OH)}_3$]

An orange, pulp-like solid precipitate formed by the reaction of ferric chloride ($\text{FeCl}_3$) with sodium hydroxide ($\text{NaOH}$).

Filtrate

The liquid that passes through the filter paper during the process of filtration.

Supernatant Liquid

The clear liquid that sits above the solid material or precipitate after settling.

Decantation

A laboratory method of separating a liquid from a solid by carefully pouring off the supernatant liquid while leaving the solid precipitate at the bottom.

Residue

The solid material remaining in a vessel, such as an evaporating dish, after the liquid portion of a solution has completely evaporated.

Miscible Liquids

Liquids that dissolve completely in each other in all proportions to produce a homogeneous solution, such as ethyl alcohol and water.

Unsaturated Solution

A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute capable of being dissolved at a given temperature.

Saturated Solution

A solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a specific temperature, such that no more solute dissolves.

Supersaturated Solution

A solution containing more dissolved solute than a saturated solution at the same temperature, prepared by heating a saturated mixture with excess solute and allowing it to cool.

Exothermic Reaction

A chemical process that releases heat energy to its surroundings, causing the temperature of the reaction mixture to increase, such as dissolving solid sodium hydroxide ($\text{NaOH}$) in water.

Endothermic Reaction

A chemical process that absorbs heat energy from its surroundings, causing the temperature of the reaction mixture to decrease, such as dissolving solid ammonium chloride ($\text{NH}_4\text{Cl}$) in water.

Methyl Orange

An acid-base indicator that exhibits a red color when added to an acidic solution.

Phenolphthalein

An acid-base indicator that turns pink or purple when added to a basic solution.

Reaction of Aluminum with Hydrochloric Acid

A single-replacement reaction that rapidly evolves hydrogen gas ($\text{H}_2$) according to the equation: $2\text{Al} + 6\text{HCl} \rightarrow 3\text{H}_2 + 2\text{AlCl}_3$.

Reaction of Marble Chips with Hydrochloric Acid

A chemical reaction between calcium carbonate ($\text{CaCO}_3$) and hydrochloric acid ($\text{HCl}$) that rapidly evolves carbon dioxide gas ($\text{CO}_2$) according to: $\text{CaCO}_3 + 2\text{HCl} \rightarrow \text{CaCl}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{CO}_2$.

Aluminum Hydroxide [$\text{Al(OH)}_3$]

A string-like, white cloudy precipitate produced by reacting aluminum sulfate [$\text{Al}_2(\text{SO}_4)_3$] with sodium hydroxide ($\text{NaOH}$).

Zinc Hydroxide [$\text{Zn(OH)}_2$]

A white cloudy precipitate formed when zinc nitrate [$\text{Zn(NO}_3)_2$] reacts with sodium hydroxide ($\text{NaOH}$) according to the equation: $\text{Zn(NO}_3)_2 + 2\text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{Zn(OH)}_2 + 2\text{NaNO}_3$.

Standard Acid Preparation ($[\text{H}^+] - 0.1\,\text{M}$)

The first step in Experiment 3, involving the transfer of $5\,\text{mL}$ of $0.1\,\text{M}$ hydrochloric acid ($\text{HCl}$) via pipette into a clean, dry vial labeled as Vial 1.