Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
adenocarninoma
malignant tumor arising from any glandular organ
androstenedione
naturally occurring steroid hormone used to increase serum testosterone levels
antiestrogen
Any substance that blocks or modifies the action of estrogen
brachytherapy
procedure that involves placing radioactive material inside the body to treat cancer
cervical stenosis
narrowing or obstruction of the cervical canal
choriocarcinoma
metastatic trophoblastic neoplasia that can result from any preg but mostly occurs with molar preg
endometrial carcinoma
malignant layer of cells form in the endo
endometrial carcinoma presents as
abnormal thickening of endo, irregular bleeding
endometrial hyperplasia
results from estrogen stimulation to the endometrium without progestin and frequent cause of abnormal uterine bleeding in postmenopausal women
endometrial polyp
pedunculated or sessile mass growing from endo
sessile
connect w/o stalk
endometroid
tumor that resembles endo tissue
epithelioid trophoblastic tumor
Variant of placental site trophoblastic tumor
fallopian tube carcinoma
malignancy of fallopian tube
fallopian tube carcinoma is linked to
BRC-A-1 and BRC-A-2
what is the most common type of fallopian tube carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
gadolinium
contrast used in MRI
gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN)
group of rare diseases; when abnormal trophoblast cells overtake and complicate preg and propagate through the uterus
where does GTN arise from
placental chorionic villi after conception
Persistent Trophoblastic Neoplasia (PTN)
malignant from of GTN
granulosa cell tumor
estrogen releasing tumor that arises from granulosa cells
granulosa cell tumor characteristics
large complex ovarian masses
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
hormone produced by chorionic cells in the fetal part of placenta during pregnancy
hCG can cause
morning sickness / vomiting
when would you expect to find elevated hCG levels
GTN
multiple preg
fertility treatment
human papillomavirus (HPV)
sexually transmitted disease that causes lesions on the mucous mems
what is the most common STD
HPV
_________ is a causative factor in cervical carcinoma
HPV
hydrops tubae profluens
Watery discharge sometimes present with fallopian tube carcinoma
invasive mole
type of GTN deriving from a hydatidiform mole that invades the myometrium
leiomyoma
benign tumors composed of smooth muscle and fibrous CT
leiomyosarcoma
malignant uterine tumor composed of smooth muscle and fibrous CT
leiomyosarcoma appears the same as a _______________ on US
leiomyoma
metastases
Transfer of a cancerous lesion from one area to another
methotrexate
drug that inhibits cellular repro
methotrexate can be used to treat
psoriasis
various malignant neoplastic diseases
immunosuppressive agent
ectopic preg
pelvic inflammatory disease
infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes and adjacent pelvic structures
Papanicolaou (Pap) smear
cytology study used to detect cancer
-most often used to prevent/diagnose cervical cancer
pelvic inflammatory disease is a pelvic infection usually caused by...
an ascending infection of vagina/cervix
Persistant Trophoblastic Neoplasia (PTN)
malignant form of GTN most often from molar preg
placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT)
type of PTN that usually occurs several years after a normal pregnancy
PCOS involves symptoms such as...
infrequent or irregular menses
excess male hormones
oligo or anovulation
enlarged ovaries w/ numerous peripheral sub centimeter follicles
polypoid
Growth similar to a polyp
radiation therapy
cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill and shrink cancer cells
raloxifene
drug that blocks hormone receptors to reduce breast cancer risk
resisitive index
used to assess vasc flow resistance
why is resistive index important when differentiating benign lesions from malignant lesions
malignant lesions are usually low RI
sonohysterography
injection of saline into uterus under US guidance to identify endo pathology (polyps)
squamous cell carcinoma
slow-growing malignant tumor composed of squamous epithelium
what is the most common type of cervical cancer
squamous cell carcinoma
tamoxifen
nonsteroidal antiestrogen compound used for cancer treatment of breast cancer
tamoxifen can cause
endometrial hyperplasia
teratogenic
Causing congenital anomalies or birth defects
what is the most common gynecologic cancer on the US
endometrial carcinoma
what are some rick factors for endometrial carcinoma
obesity
nulliparity
late menopause
adenomatous polyps
family hx
unopposed estrogen
S/S of endometrial carcinoma
uterine bleeding, pain
sonographic findings of endometrial carcinoma
heterogenous endo
irregular or poorly defined endo
cystic changes
hydrometra or hematometra
enlarged ut
lobular contour ur
endo thickening
endometrial carcinoma usually occurs in the __________decade of life
6 to 7th
treatment of endometrial carcinoma
total hysterectomy
lymphadenectomy
radiation and chemo
total hysterectomy is the removal of
uterus
ovaries
tubes
diagnostic features of endometrial carcinoma on TV imaging
endo thickness, texture, vascularity
Stage I or II endometrial carcinoma
confined to the ut
stage III or IV endometrial carcinoma
Extends beyond the uterus
Bladder/rectum infiltration
Adjacent mass
Ureteral obstruction
doppler of endometrial carcinoma
increased flow inside lesion
low RI
technique for imaging endometrial cancer
endo thickness measurement
power doppler
uterine and cervix echogenicity
ascites
diagnosis criteria for endometrial cancer
sub endometrial halo irregularity
fluid
vessel architecture/branching pattern
in a pt with suspected endometrial cancer what might be some other organs to image
liver
abdominal viscera
kidneys
para aortic/caval adenopathy
MRI or CT may be better for imaging what types of endometrial carcinoma
lymphadenopathy
metastatic disease (stage III and IV)
endometrial cancer differential diagnosis
endo hyperplasia
endo polyps
leiomyoma
cervical cancer
_______________________________ are extremely rare
leiomyosarcomas
risk factors for leiomyosarcomas
nulliparity, 40yrs and older, obesity, pelvic radiation, tamoxifen
S/S of leiomyosarcomas
vaginal bleeding
abdominal pain
rapid increase in mass size
sonographic findings of leiomyosarcomas
rapidly growing heterogenous mass
single
large
acoustic enhancement
anechoic or complex areas due tumor liquefaction
increase intra tumoral flow
leiomyosarcomas are normally located where inside the uterus
intramural
appearance of leiomyosarcomas
fleshy
hemorrhagic/necrotic
infiltrative borders
treatment of leiomyosarcomas
total hysterectomy
peritoneal washing
nodule sampling
radiotherapy
sonographic technique for imaging leiomyosarcomas
uterine mass echotexture
adnexal masses
free fluid
para aortic/caval area for adenopathy
other imaging modalities that may be helpful when identifying leiomyosarcomas may include
MRI
CT
FDG-PET
differential diagnoses for leiomyosarcomas
other uterine sarcomas
endo adenocarcinoma
adenomyomas
GI cancer
bladder cancer
____________________ is known to be rare, aggressive, and to occur in the 6th decade of life
fallopian tube carcinoma
risk factors of fallopian tube carcinoma
over 40, BRCA chromosomal mutations, infertility, nulliparity, low parity, PID, family hx of ovarian cancer
S/S of fallopian tube carcinoma
elevated CA-125
vaginal bleeding/spotting
abdominal pain
abdominal or pelvic mass
ascites
hydrops tubae profuens
postmenopausal bleeding or spotting w/ neg PAP smear
sonographic findings of fallopian tube carcinoma
cystic mass w/ mural nodules and hydrosalpinx
ill-defined or sausage shaped mass
multilobular mass
pelvic ascites
neovascularization
tubal wall irregularities
clinical diagnoses of fallopian tube carcinoma
asymptomatic or abdominal pain
increased abdominal girth
vaginal bleeding
palp mass
hydrops tubae profluens
hydrops tubae profluens
profuse watery vaginal discharge
treatment of fallopian tube carcinoma
hysterectomy
peritoneal biopsy
lymph node sampling
radiation/chemo
hydrosalpinx
water in the fallopian tube
in a pt with suspected fallopian tube carcinoma what might be some other organs to image
kidneys
liver
abdominal viscera
differential diagnoses of fallopian tube carcinoma
ovarian carcinoma
myoma
PID
other adnexal masses
__________________ is becoming less prevalent and occurs in the 3rd to 4th decade of life
carcinoma of the cervix
risk factors for carcinoma of the cervix
HPV, early sexual activity, multiple partners, smoking, oral contraceptives, weak immune system, DES exposure
S/S of carcinoma of the cervix
asymptomatic
postcoital bleeding
superficial mass on cervix
watery vaginal discharge
back pain
bladder irritability
ureteral obstruction
uremia
sonographic findings of carcinoma of the cervix
normal appearance in stage I and II
hematometra
multiple cystic areas
bulky cervix
irregular cervical borders
hydronephrosis
liver metastasis
para-aortic nodules
treatment of carcinoma of the cervix
cone biopsy
radiotherapy
surgery
radiotherapy/chemo
the American cancer society recommends ____________________ to prevent HPV and further prevent carcinoma of the cervix
Gardasil
Stage I and II carcinoma of the cervix
normal size/echogenicity
hematometra due to cervical stenosis
Stage III and IV carcinoma of the cervix
bulky cervix
bladder invasion
hydro
liver metastasis
para aortic/caval nodes
what are some other types of US used to image carcinoma of the cervix
translabial
transperineal
TV
differential diagnoses of carcinoma of the cervix
lower uterine segment leiomyoma
benign endo polyp
endo cancer
types of GTN's
benign hydatidiform mole
invasive mole
choriocarcinoma
placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT)
