Unit 3 Test: Plants as Drinks and Drugs-PLNT_SCI-2110

Winemaking Origins

=Origins of Civilization

*Sumer ~6000 BC

-Wine is older than recorded history

What color was the majority of wine in ancient Egypt?

red

-related to the blood of Osiris, god of resurrection

King Tut and wine

died in 1330 BC

6/26 jars in tomb contained white wine from Nile Delta

Dionysus

the god of the grape harvest, winemaking and wine, of ritual madness, fertility, theatre and religious ecstasy in ancient Greek religion and myth.

Eleutherios

"the liberator"

Who was a serious viticulturist?

Odysseus' dad

What was the ancient roman's view of wine?

democratic view

-wine as medicine

-made wine large scale

-stored in amphoras

Amphoras

ceramic vases with handles and a narrow neck

What is wine?

rotting fruit

-it has informed science

What is yeast?

Diverse group of fungi characterized by having a unicellular growth habit

2 types of cell division

1. budding: extrusion of daughter cell from mother cell

2. Fission: division of mother cell into 1+ cells by localized ingrowths

How did taxonomists first define yeast

Morphological and physiological characteristics

Fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

-Saccharomyces cerevisiae process the most common fermentation pathway: alcoholic fermentation

one result of fermentation

*HEAT

What is the avg consumption of caffeine worldwide?

76 mg per person per day

Caffeine in the US

Primarily consumed through soft drinks

-US/Canada: 210-238 mg per person per day

Caffeine in Asia

primarily consumed through tea (except south korea-Coffee)

Who consumes the most coffee per capita

Sweden/finland:

-over 400 mg per person per day

Coffee discovery

traced back to ethiopia (850 AD)

The story of the origin of coffee

A goat herder noticed the effects of arabica plant berries on his herd

Range of coffee

East Africa-Southern Arabia, to 27 mil acres of tropical highland (Africa, East Asia, Hawaii, Central/South America)

Discovery of tea

China- ~1000 BC

-originated in Southwest China

-presently grown on ~10 mil acres, from India to Japan

Coffea Arabica

Most common, sweeter, less acidic, hard to grow

-the most common in North America

Coffea Robusta

2nd most produced

-Common in Europe

-strong flavor, high levels of caffeine, easier to grow

Coffea Liberica

Rare (now)

-grown in specific environments

-"woody" taste, not enough production

Coffea Excelse

technically a variety of liberica

-grown mostly in southeast Asia

-tart and fruity flavor

Camellia Senesis

Tea

-native to southern Japan

-black, green, and white tea all come from the same plant

Caffeine is an Alkaloid

secondary metabolite, plays role in plant defense

-high doses = lethal to insects

-bitter flavor discourages herbivory

-may inhibit germination of plants

Caffeine absorption

Rapidly absorbed through small intestine; peak at 30 min

-readily penetrates blood-brain barrier

-primarily metabolized in liver

-antagonizes same receptors as adenosine (blocks "chill" effect)

Bees and caffeine

-poorer memory = less caffeine

-better memory = more caffeine

Spotlight Consciousness

Single focal point of attention (good for reasoning)

lantern consciousness

Broader field of attention

Homozygous AA

Fast metabolizers

Heterozygous AC and Homozygous CC

Slow metabolizers

Cannabis

The botanical name of a genus within the Cannabaceae family (also contains: hops)

Cannabis contains what 3 species?

1. C. Sativa

2. C. Ruderalis

3. C. Indica

What is the commonality between the 3 species?

All contain secondary compounds:

-cannabinoids or phytocannabinoids)

Chemotypes

chemically different members of the same species

1. THC-Dominant

2. THC:CBD balanced

3. CBD-Dominant

4. CBG-Dominant

5. No Cannabinoids

What is the heavy phytocannabinoid hitter?

THC

THC

tetrahydrocannabinol

What do the terms "marijuana" and "hemp" reflect?

The phytocannabinoid profile and determine legal restrictions of use

Marijuana

Concentration in dried female flowers is as high as 20-30%

-Higher phytocannabinoid concentration

Hemp

Grown for fibrous properties

-Concentration = >1%

-no psychotropic effects

CBD

cannabidiol

Reason for high concentration in marijuana

have non-functional copies of genes encoding CBDA synthase so they make an excess of THCA

Reason for low concentration in hemp

have an intact copy of CBDA but don't have a functional THCA synthase, so they make more CBDA instead

Effects of cannabis

Modulate the activity of the body's endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS)

-Regulates appetite, mood, arousal, motor control, inflammation, and pain

Origin of cannabis

Early human use of cannabis as fiber 8,000 years ago in the Neolithic

When was the hemp-type introduced?

1500s

Therapeutic use of cannabis

-Chronis pain relief

-spasticity in multiple sclerosis

-opioid sparing

-seizures

-HIV/AIDS

-Neuropathic pain relief

Negative Impacts of cannabis

-impaired judgement

-reduced cognitive function

-enhanced anxiety

-fatigue

-negative cardiovascular effects

-both short and long term impacts

What is sake?

Japanese rice wine

Yoshida Brewery

144-year-old family-owned small brewery in northern Japan

process to make sake

1. rice is polished

2. rinse and soak until it has absorbed proper amount of water

3. Fermentation: Rice+water+yeast

Where is Mescaline native to?

Mexico and southwestern US

What are the 3 species of cacti discussed?

1. Peruvian Torch

2. Bolivian Torch

3. Rose Cactus

Mescaline is an __________.

Alkaloid, psychoactive compound

Where is Mescaline found?

Naturally found in Cacti

-also chemically synthesized versions

What were the earliest known uses of Mescaline?

-Psychotropic effects

-Medicinal purposes

-religious rituals

Indigenous uses of mescaline?

Physical Illnesses:

-snakebites

-burns

-wounds

-rheumatism

-toothache

-fever

1887: What effects did John Briggs describe from peyote ingestion?

-Heart Racing

-Breathing difficulty

Peyote

A cactus that produces the hallucinogen mescaline.

Other peyote alkaloids

Thought to enhance effects of mescaline:

Pellotine

Hordenine

Anhalonine

Absorption of Mescaline

Rapidly absorbed by gastrointestinal tract when consumed

Agonist

Mescaline is a serotonin receptor

-a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter's action

Effects of mescaline

Increases prosocial behavior, euphoria, hallucinations, improvements in well-being and mental health conditions

Mescaline increases __________ receptors

Happiness