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Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided lands of the New World between Spain and Portugal in 1494.
Hernan Cortés
Defeated the Aztec empire in 1521 after a series of events including Noche Triste.
Francisco Pizarro
Conquered the Incas, capturing Atahualpa and establishing a puppet Incan king.
Hernando de Soto
Explored the American Southeast from 1538 to 1542, dying near the Mississippi River.
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
Searched for the Seven Golden Cities of Cíbola in the American Southwest from 1539 to 1542.
Protestant Reformation
Movement of religious reform initiated by Martin Luther in 1517.
John Calvin
Protestant theologian who founded the concept of predestination.
Puritans
Sought to separate from the impurities of the Anglican Church, forming the Massachusetts Bay Company.
Protestant Ethic
Puritan doctrine emphasizing commitment to work and engagement in worldly affairs.
John Cabot
Landed in Canada in 1497, establishing England's claims to North American settlement.
Walter Raleigh
Organized settlers in Roanoke in 1585, introducing tobacco and the potato to Europe.
Joint-Stock Company
Allowed investors to pool capital for colonization efforts in the New World.
Virginia Company
Received a charter from King James I for a settlement in the New World.
Jamestown
First permanent English colony in America, established in 1607.
Pilgrims
Separatists who sought complete separation from the Church of England.
Mayflower Compact
Signed in 1620 for self-government in Plymouth colony, setting a precedent for future constitutions.
French Colonial Policy
Restricted emigration to Catholics, focused on fur trading, and prioritized the sugar islands of the Caribbean.
Encomienda System
A system in Spanish colonies where indigenous communities were placed under the supervision of Catholic priests and friars, often leading to forced labor exploitation despite the goal of Christianization.
Spanish Mission System
A system aimed at Christianizing Native Americans and assimilating them into Hispanic society, but often marred by the misuse of indigenous populations for forced labor.
The Black Legend
The belief that Spaniards mistreated Native Americans by torture, exploitation, and disease, although they also intermarried and contributed to the creation of a mixed culture in the Americas.
Settlement Patterns
Spanish focused on subjugating natives through the encomienda system, French and Dutch relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with Native Americans, while English colonization attracted migrants seeking social mobility and economic prosperity.
Mercantilism
An economic theory emphasizing a nation's wealth through gold and silver accumulation, promoting exporting more than importing, and using colonies to enrich the mother country through raw material exports and manufactured goods imports.
The Columbian Exchange
The exchange of animals, plants, people, culture, and diseases between the New and Old Worlds, leading to significant impacts such as the transfer of crops, diseases, and animals, and contributing to a drastic population decline among Native Americans.
Henry the Navigator
A Portuguese prince who sponsored voyages of exploration along the coast of Africa in the 15th century.
