APUSH Chapter 2 (copy)

Treaty of Tordesillas

Divided lands of the New World between Spain and Portugal in 1494.

Hernan Cortés

Defeated the Aztec empire in 1521 after a series of events including Noche Triste.

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered the Incas, capturing Atahualpa and establishing a puppet Incan king.

Hernando de Soto

Explored the American Southeast from 1538 to 1542, dying near the Mississippi River.

Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

Searched for the Seven Golden Cities of Cíbola in the American Southwest from 1539 to 1542.

Protestant Reformation

Movement of religious reform initiated by Martin Luther in 1517.

John Calvin

Protestant theologian who founded the concept of predestination.

Puritans

Sought to separate from the impurities of the Anglican Church, forming the Massachusetts Bay Company.

Protestant Ethic

Puritan doctrine emphasizing commitment to work and engagement in worldly affairs.

John Cabot

Landed in Canada in 1497, establishing England's claims to North American settlement.

Walter Raleigh

Organized settlers in Roanoke in 1585, introducing tobacco and the potato to Europe.

Joint-Stock Company

Allowed investors to pool capital for colonization efforts in the New World.

Virginia Company

Received a charter from King James I for a settlement in the New World.

Jamestown

First permanent English colony in America, established in 1607.

Pilgrims

Separatists who sought complete separation from the Church of England.

Mayflower Compact

Signed in 1620 for self-government in Plymouth colony, setting a precedent for future constitutions.

French Colonial Policy

Restricted emigration to Catholics, focused on fur trading, and prioritized the sugar islands of the Caribbean.

Encomienda System

A system in Spanish colonies where indigenous communities were placed under the supervision of Catholic priests and friars, often leading to forced labor exploitation despite the goal of Christianization.

Spanish Mission System

A system aimed at Christianizing Native Americans and assimilating them into Hispanic society, but often marred by the misuse of indigenous populations for forced labor.

The Black Legend

The belief that Spaniards mistreated Native Americans by torture, exploitation, and disease, although they also intermarried and contributed to the creation of a mixed culture in the Americas.

Settlement Patterns

Spanish focused on subjugating natives through the encomienda system, French and Dutch relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with Native Americans, while English colonization attracted migrants seeking social mobility and economic prosperity.

Mercantilism

An economic theory emphasizing a nation's wealth through gold and silver accumulation, promoting exporting more than importing, and using colonies to enrich the mother country through raw material exports and manufactured goods imports.

The Columbian Exchange

The exchange of animals, plants, people, culture, and diseases between the New and Old Worlds, leading to significant impacts such as the transfer of crops, diseases, and animals, and contributing to a drastic population decline among Native Americans.

Henry the Navigator

A Portuguese prince who sponsored voyages of exploration along the coast of Africa in the 15th century.