NUTR 202 - Exam 3 - Lynch

intracellular water

60% of body water

extracellular water

40% of body water

water intake

beverages, food, metabolic water

water loss

urine, feces, sweat, breath

water balance

the balance between water intake and water excretion, which keeps the body's water content constant

critical function of water

body temperature regulation- water within the body absorbs this heat and carries it to the skin where it is released as sweat

thirst

triggered when water levels in blood decrease and solute concentration increases

antidiuretic hormon

released by pituitary gland to signal kidneys to retain water

aldosterone

produced by adrenal glands above kidneys and induces kidneys to retain sodium and water

recommended consumption of water

1-1.5 mL/kcal of energy expenditure

water intoxication

dilution of blood electrolytes, particularly sodium

dehydration causes

diarrhea/ vomiting/ little fluid intake/ sweating

mild dehydration symptoms

dry and sticky mouth
feeling of tiredness and sleepiness
thirst
decreased urine
headache
cramping in arms and legs

moderate dehydration symptoms

reduced athletic ability

Severe dehydration symptoms

muscle spasms, vomiting, racing pulse, shriveled skin, dim vision, painful urination, confusion, difficulty breathing, seizures

nephron

Microscopic filtering unit in the kidney

Urine is primary path for

*water loss and excretion of metabolic waste
*Regulation of extracellular fluid composition

electrolytes

minerals that become electrically charged when in solution

cations

positively charged ions

anions

negatively charged ions

Na+

primary extracellular cation

K+

primary intracellular cation

Cl-

anion concentrated in extracellular fluid

dietary potassium sources

fresh produce, legumes, milk, meats, whole grains

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

osmosis

diffusion of water from high to low concentration

nerve transmission

sodium enter and potassium exits cell

sodium deficiency

muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite

systolic BP

the peak pressure exerted against the arteries when the heart contracts

diastolic BP

lowest pressure during cardiac relaxation

hypertension

abnormally high blood pressure that increases the risk for heart disease and stroke and potential kidney damage

dietary changes for BP control

decrease sodium intake and increase potassium as it appears to relax blood vessels

fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K
stored in body for longer & in larger amounts

water soluble vitamins

B and C
stored for less time and in smaller amounts

vitamin a functions

skin, vision

vitamin a food sources

milk, cheese, cream, butter, eggs, liver, spinach, dark leafy greens, deep orange fruits

beta-carotene

an orange vegetable pigment that the body can change into the active form of vitamin a, one of the antioxidant nutrients

beta-carotene functions

defend against damage to cell membranes; enhance our immune system; protect skin from sun rays; prevent or delay age-related vision impairment

Vitamin A toxicity

Reduced bone mineral density, liver abnormalities, birth defects

vitamin d functions

absorption of calcium and phosphorus, maintenance of bone

vitamin d food sources

cod liver oil, sardines, salmon, shrimp, liver, mushrooms, milk or margarine, cereals, juices

Making Your Own Vitamin D

adequate exposure to sunlight can lead kidneys to convert into active form of D3

Vitamin D deficiencies

rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults
malformation or softening of bones

Vitamin D toxicity

nausea, vomiting
loss of appetite
calcification of soft tissues
cardiovascular & renal damage

vitamin e

Tocopherol

vitamin e functions

antioxidant, protects cell membranes, enhanced immune function

Vitamin E and Free Radicals

offers atoms to free radicals (byproducts of cellular metabolism) to protect other cells from attack

Vitamin E deficiency

anemia due to RBC fragility
loss of muscle coordination, weakness, bad vision

Vitamin E toxicity

-rare
-may cause GI upset
-large doses may interfere with prescription meds
-fatigue

vitamin k function

blood clotting

Vitamin K deficiency

hemorrhage

Vitamin K food sources

liver, dark green leafy vegetables, vegetable oils

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

an antioxidant vitamin needed for proper repair of the skin and tissues through synthesis of collagen

Vitamin C food sources

Citrus fruits, Cantaloupes, Strawberries, Tomatoes, Potatoes, Broccoli, Green peppers, and Spinach

Vitamin C Deficiency

scurvy, hemorrhagic diathesis, poor wound healing, anemia

vitamin c toxicity

GI distress, diarrhea

B vitamins

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Biotin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12

thiamin function

needed for release of energy from carbs, fats, and proteins
Kreb's cycle

Thiamin food sources

Enriched, fortified, or whole grain products; pork

Thiamin deficiency

Beriberi: loss of sensation in hands and feet, muscular weakness, abnormal heart action
wernicke-korsakoff syndrome - alcoholics

Riboflavin (B2)

essential for carbohydrate fat and protein metabolism. Necessary for tissue maintenance. And healthy eyes

Riboflavin food sources

milk, green vegetables, enriched and whole grain breads and cereals

Riboflavin deficiency

ariboflavinosis - cracks and redness of the lips and corners of the mouth, swelling of the mouth and sore throat

Niacin (B3)

can be formed from the amino acid tryptophan
nicotinamide & nicotinic acid (NAD or NADP)

Niacin food sources

-meat, poultry, fish
-whole grain and enriched grains

Niacin Toxicity

Niacin flush, liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance

vitamin B6 function

-amino acid synthesis
-hemoglobin synthesis
-regulation of blood glucose (assists in releasing stored glucose from glycogen)

Vitamin B6 food sources

meats, fish, poultry, potatoes, bananas

vitamin b6 deficiency

Scaly dermatitis, depression, confusion, convulsions, anemia

vitamin 6 toxicity

numb feet, loss of sensation in hands, nerve damage that can progress in an inability to walk

Folate (B9)

Assists in the synthesis of amino acids, RNA, DNA, and red blood cells

Folate food sources

Legumes, vegetables, fortified grain products

Folate deficiency

megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects

Vitamin B12

contains cobalt as part of its structure
stored in significant amounts
requires intrinsic factors for absorption

Vitamin B12 function

-enables folate to get into cells
-helps maintain sheath around nerve cells
-absorption depends on intrinsic factor

Vitamin B12 deficiency

pernicious anemia

vitamin b12 absorption

Stomach:
- HCl and pepsin release Vit B12
- Vit B12 binds with intrinsic factor made in stomach
- B12 intrinsic factor complex travels to receptor sites in ileum
- In presence of calcium at the receptor site, B12 is released from intrinsic factor and absorbed into blood stream

minerals

Elements found in food that are used by the body

macrominerals

any of the minerals that people require daily in amounts over 100 mg

microminerals

those that people require daily in amounts less than 100 mg

calcium

the most abundant mineral in the body; found primarily in the body's bones and teeth

Calcium in bones

- Calcium salts form crystals (Hydroxyapatite)
- Strength and rigidity to maturing bones
- Bone remodeling

Calcium and the nervous system

regulates axonal excitability and transmitter release

Calcium and Vitamin D

Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of ________.

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

Calcium metabolism

plays role in hormone regulation by amplifying hormone's message

calcium and blood clotting

needed to convert prothrombin into thrombin

calcium and blood pressure

Calcium can have protective effect against hypertension

Pre-eclampsia

a condition in pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, sometimes with fluid retention and proteinuria.

Calcium absorption

regulated by vitamin D and parathyroid hormone

Calcium food sources

Milk, Cheese, Dark green vegs, Dried figs, Soy, and Legumes

phosphorus

second most abundant mineral in the body
85% in bones

phosphorus functions

Bone structure, component of ATP, DNA, RNA and phospholipids

Phosphorus food sources

animal foods, meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk

magnesium functions

Bone mineralization, building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of teeth, and functioning of immune system

Magnesium food sources

Nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green vegetables, seafood, chocolate, cocoa

sulfur functions

part of some amino acids and vitamins, acid-base balance

sulfur food sources

protein rich foods

iron functions

oxygen transport

anemia

A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume.