AP Human Geography Unit 2 Vocab

Arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by total land area

Census

A data collection used to conduct spatial analysis of population

Cohort

A population group that's distinguished by a certain characteristic

Crude birth rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Crude death rate

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Demographic accounting equation

Total population=OP+B-D+I-E

Demographic transition

A set process of change in a society's population

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics

Dependency ratio

The number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years

Doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population

Epidemiologic transition

A pattern that focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Epidemiology

The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of the diseases that affect large numbers of people

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

Infant mortality rate

The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births

Life expectancy

The average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality rates

Medical revolution

The improvement of medical technology that pushes a country into Stage 2 of the demographic transition model

Natural increase rate

The percentage by which a population grows in a year

Overpopulation

When an area's population exceeds the capacity of the environment to support them at an acceptable standard of living

Pandemic

A disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

Sex ratio

The number of males per hundred females in the population

Thomas Malthus

An English economist who argued that the world's population increase was far outnumbering the development of food supplies

Total fertility rate

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

Zero population growth

In stage 4 of the demographic transition when the CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR, and the NIR approaches zero

Baby Boom

The large increase in babies being born after World War II

Baby Bust

The decrease of babies after the baby boom

Brain drain

A large-scale emigration by talented people

Chain migration

The migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Circulation

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that occur on a regular basis, such as daily, annually, or monthly, or annually

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas

Emigration

A migration from a location

Forced migration

When the migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors

Generation X

The second increase in babies being born after the baby boom and the baby bust

Guest worker

Citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in Western Europe and the Middle East

Immigration

A migration to a location

Internal migration

Permanent movement within the same country

International migration

Permanent movement from one country to another

Interregional migration

Movement from one region of a country to another

Intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration

Intervening opportunity

A new opportunity that arises along a journey that is more attractive to the person making the journey and diminishes the attractiveness of the final destination

Migration

A permanent move to a new location

Mobility

A more general term than migration covering all types of movements from one place to another

Net migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants

Pull factor

Something that induces people to move into a new location

Push factor

Something that induces people to move out of their present location

Quotas

Maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the United States from each country during a one-year period

Refugees

People who have been forced to migrate from their home and cannot return for fear of persecution of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion

Undocumented immigrants

Immigrants who enter a country without proper documents/illegally

Voluntary migration

When the migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement