Chapter 6: Parts of the Cell

Flagella

Microtubule-containing extensions that project from some cells

Cilia

Microtubule-containing extensions that project from some cells

Plasma Membrane

The outer boundary of all living cells, acting as a selectively permeable barrier that controls the transport of substances into and out of the cell

Composed primarily of a phospholipid bilayer, with proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates

Cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments and tubules inside a cell that gives it shape, provides structural support, organizes organelles, and is involved in cell movement and intracellular transport

Cell Wall

Extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells

Extracellular Matrix

ECM can regular a cell’s behavior by communicating with a cell through integrins

The ECM around a cell can influence the activity of genes in the nucleus

Mechanical signaling may occur through cytoskeletal changes that trigger chemical signals in the cells

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance that fills a cell, surrounding all the cell's structures and organelles

Nucelus

Contains most of the cell’s genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle

Nuclear Envelope

Encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

A double membrane; each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer

Nuclear Pore

A complex channel in the nuclear envelope that acts as a selective gateway between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm

Mitochondria

organelles within eukaryotic cells, known as the "powerhouses" of the cell, responsible for generating most of the energy (ATP) needed for cellular functions through a process called cellular respiration

Cristae

Folds within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that dramatically increase its surface area

Mitochondrial Matrix

Created by the inner membrane

Hosts key metabolic processes for cellular respiration and energy (ATP) production, including the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) and fatty acid oxidation

Cisternae

Membrane-bound sacs within a cell's endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus that act as processing and storage compartments

Endomembrane System

Consists of:

• Nuclear envelope

• Endoplasmic reticulum

• Golgi apparatus

• Lysosomes

• Vacuoles

• Plasma membrane

These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles

Golgi Apparatus - Cis Side

The "receiving" side, oriented towards the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where newly synthesized proteins and lipids enter the Golgi for processing via vesicles from the ER

Golgi Apparatus - Trans Side

The exit face where proteins and lipids are sorted for their final destinations, such as the plasma membrane, endosomes, lysosomes, or secretion

Ribosomes

Are complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein

Build proteins in 2 locations

1. In the cytosol (free ribosomes)

2. On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope

Peroxisome

Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane

Uses oxygen to break fatty acids into smaller molecules to use as fuel for respiration

In the liver, they detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds

Lysosomes

In animal cells that contain powerful digestive enzymes to break down waste materials, such as old cell parts, foreign invaders like bacteria, and macromolecules, through processes like autophagy and phagocytosis

Chloroplasts

The sites of photosynthesis in plant and algal cells, converting light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into chemical energy in the form of glucose

Thylakoids

Membranous sacs stacked to form a granum

Grana

Stacks of thylakoids in plant chloroplasts crucial for photosynthesis

Stroma

Internal fluid of a chloroplast

Vacuole

Large vesicles derived from the ER and Gogli apparatus

Central vacuoles plays a major role in the growth of plants cells

Storage site for water, nutrients, ions, and waste products, while also supporting cell structure, maintaining pH, and regulating water balance

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells

Smooth ER

Lacks ribosomes

Synthesizes lipids

Detoxifies drugs and poisons

Stores calcium ions

Rough ER

Whose surface is studded with ribosomes

Have bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins (proteins bonded to carbs)

Distributes transport vesicles, secretory proteins surrounded by membranes

Is a membrane factory for the cell