Reactions of Copper

Filtrate

liquid that passes through the filter

Decant

carefully pour off liquid, leaving solid behind

Gelatinous

jelly-like precipitate (hard to filter)

Coagulate

small particles clump into larger ones

Supernatant

clear liquid above a settled solid

Bumping

violent boiling caused by uneven heating

vacuum filtration

• Used to separate a solid from a liquid
• Faster than gravity filtration due to reduced pressure (vacuum)
• Uses Büchner funnel, filter paper, vacuum flask, tubing
• Check flask for cracks before use (safety)
• Filter paper must cover holes and lie flat
• Wet filter paper with solvent to seal it to the funnel
• Pour mixture slowly into the center of the filter paper
• Do not fill funnel more than 2/3 full
• Solid remains on filter paper
• Liquid (filtrate) is collected in the flask
• Leave vacuum on briefly to dry the solid
• Turn off vacuum before disconnecting tubing
• Transfer solid to a watch glass to air dry

fume hood

ventilated cabinet designed to protect from dangerous vapours, fumes or gases

• 5 solid sides → sash moveable side

• sash is postioned at the bend of elbow

• look through sash window

• work as far back as is comfortable\

• when removing chemicals make sure safe to do so and raise it and then lower it when done

• close the sash completely when finished for the day

bunsen burner

• before use inspect tube for damage or spilting

• check the gas adjusment valve and the air inlet control (move freely)

• check flint lighter

• connect tubing and close air inlet valve

• close the inlet valve by closing it clockwise

• open gas tap fully and quickly light the burner → produces a cooler orange flame

• to create a hotter flame rotate counter clockwise

• tip of inner cone is the hottest

the analytical balances

• balances weigh to one ten-thousandth of a gram

• can watch vapourization

• oily or wet hands can affect the weighing

• to ensure accuracy handle the weighing container with paper strap

• three slideable doors

• use the top loading balance first

• check the leveling bubble before using

• clean balance pan with brush provided

• tare beaker first and then add sample

• once done close the access doors

top loading balance

• used for large scale weighing

• one one-hundredth of a gram

• before using balance check balancing bubble

• clean balance pan with bubble

• weigh directly into beaker or flask

• tare beaker or flask first