Foundations of Nutrition (2nd half of semester)

The quiz questions and answers to study for the final

Aerobic pathway

When energy is needed at a slow/moderate rate and oxygen is available, pyruvate enters the _____.

8

Each TCA cycle releases __ electrons.

Cytoplasm

_____ is filled with a jelly-like substance that contains enzymes involved in glucose breakdown.

oxaloacetate

The TCA cycle is a circular path that requires _____ in the first step and produces this same compound in the last step.

Glucose & Pyruvate

When triglycerides are metabolized, glycerol enters the metabolic pathway between _____ and _____.

Electron Transport Chain

The final pathway in energy metabolism is the _____.

Hydrogens & electrons

In the TCA cycle, when compounds lose a carbon, what two things are carried to the electron transport chain?

lactic acid (lactate)

In the anaerobic pathway, pyruvate accepts the hydrogens instead of the electron transport chain, becoming _____, associated with burning and fatigue in the muscle tissue.

ATP

In the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions rush back into the inner compartment, and energy is produced to make _____.

Energy metabolism

_____ includes all of the reactions by which the body obtains and expends the energy from food.

High-energy bonds

The electron transport chain captures energy as ATP in the form of _____.

Pyruvate

_____ is a 3-carbon structure with a key role in energy metabolism that can be used to make glucose.

Acetyl CoA

_____ is a 2-carbon structure with a coenzyme attached that cannot be used to make glucose.

Fatty Acid Oxidation

Fatty acids break apart two carbons at a time in a process known as _____.

Deanimation

Amino acids lose their nitrogen-containing amino group in a process called _____ before entering the metabolic pathway.

Mitochondria

The _____ is the location in the cell where the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, fatty acid oxidation, the TCA Cycle, and the electron transport chain reactions take place.

All of these (conversion to pyruvate, conversion to acetyl CoA, or enter the TCA cycle directly)

Amino acids have multiple options when entering the metabolic pathway, including...

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

_____ is dotted with ribosomes, which are the site of protein synthesis.

TCA cycle

Acetyl CoA enters the _____, which breaks down the acetyl CoA into carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms.

Liver

_____ cells are the most metabolically active.

weekly

Healthy adults who are working on weight maintenance should monitor their weight _____.

hunger

An example of _____ is the physiological sensation that you experience after skipping breakfast and lunch before coming to class in the afternoon.

apple

Upper body fat can be visualized as the _____ body shape and is linked to risk of chronic disease.

appetite

An example of ______ is the psychological sensation you experience when you see a commercial with your favorite fast food while you are studying at midnight.

1-2 pounds per week

Reasonable weight loss is considered to be:

All of these (weight loss products, gimmicks, and fad diets)

Dangerous interventions for obesity or overweight include:

Gastric sleeve

In this weight loss surgery, about 70-85 percent of the stomach is removed and the remaining portions are stapled together to create sleeve.

Gastric banding

In this weight loss surgery, a small gastric pouch is created by using an inflatable band placed near the top of the stomach.

Gastric bypass

In this weight loss surgery, a small gastric pouch is created and connected to the jejunum so food bypasses part of the stomach and small intestine.

All of these (increased flexibility, improved heart function, and appetite control)

The benefits of physical activity go way beyond weight loss, and can include:

This B vitamin serves as a coenzyme in over 100 metabolic reactions in the body and is found in meat, fish, poultry, potatoes, and non-citrus fruits.

Pyridoxine

This B vitamin helps convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA and is found in pork and grains. A deficiency may lead to an enlarged heart.

Thiamin

A deficiency of _____ can lead to Keshan Disease, where the cardiac tissue becomes fibrous.

Selenium

A patient receiving treatment at a wound care clinic may be prescribed a _____ supplement.

zinc

_____ transports oxygen for energy metabolism and is found in the red blood cells and muscle cells of the body.

Iron

Newborn infants receive an injection of _____ to prevent internal bleeding before leaving the hospital.

Vitamin K

_____ is the most important nutrient

Water

This B vitamin is part of coenzyme A, is found in many foods, and can lead to GI distress and neurological disturbances when deficient.

Pantothenic Acid

The deficiency disease of vitamin C was common among sailors from Europe, but many pirates from the Caribbean did not suffer from this disease known as _____.

Scurvy

Magnesium is needed for:

Both bone mineralization and muscle contraction

This B vitamin serves as a coenzyme, is found in milk and grains, and results in a painful and swollen tongue and cracked lips when it is deficient in the body.

Riboflavin

Our bodies use sunlight to make vitamin D from _____.

cholesterol

Vitamin C enhances iron absorption, so patients taking an iron supplement should drink a glass of _____ when they take their iron.

orange juice

Beta-carotene is a precursor to _____.

Vitamin A

This B vitamin replenishes oxaloacetate in the TCA cycle, is widespread in food, is produced by the bacteria in the gut, and can lead to hallucinations when not consumed in adequate quantities.

Biotin

Patients with _____ experience extreme cravings for nonfood substances, like clay, chalk, and hair.

Pica

Iodine deficiency may result in _____.

Both simple goiter and cretinism

This B vitamin is found in milk and liver and may cause a fishy body odor when consumed above the upper limits.

Choline

Kidney patients with low phosphorous may experience _____.

Bone pain

Many elderly patients have low vitamin B12 levels, or _____, and may have nerve damage and sore tongues.

Pernicious Anemia