Chemistry Unit 4

The force that holds two atoms together.

Chemical bond.

A chemical bond is formed by what kind of attraction?

The attraction between the positive nucleus of one atom and the negative electrons of another atom.

Why is 8 Great?

8 valence electrons = Most stability.

Cation vs Anion

Cation: positive charged ion; smaller.

Anion: negative charged ion; bigger.

Why are metals reactive?

Because they lose valence electrons easily.

Why kind of ions do transition metals commonly form?

2+ or 3+, but can form greater than 3+.

T or F: Some nonmetals can gain or lose electrons to complete an octet

True.

Force that holds oppositely charged particles in an ionic compound.

Ionic bond

The repeating pattern of particle packing in an ionic compound

Ionic Crystal.

Formed by the strong attraction between the positive and negative ions.

Crystal lattice

An ion in an aqueous solution that conducts electricity

Electolyte.

The energy required to separate 1 mol of ions in an ionic compound

Lattice energy.

Endothermic vs Exothermic reactions

Endothermic: reactions that absorb energy.

Exothermic: reactions that release energy.

The smaller the ion, the greater the _________.

attraction.

Why are solid ionic compounds poor conductors of electricity?

Because the ions are tightly compacted together and cannot flow freely, like liquid ionic compounds can.

Not only is the oxidation number the oxidation state, it also represents the charge of what kind of ion?

Monoatomic.

A polyatomic ion composed of an element (usually a nonmetal) that is bonded to one or more oxygen atoms.

Oxyanion

The suffix “ide” is used for what kind of ion?

Monoatomic anions.

For monoatomic cations, identify the ion by _____

name

When the compound contains a polyatomic ion, name the cation followed by the name of the…

polyatomic ion.

What do atoms gain by sharing electrons and forming a covalent bond?

They gain stability.

T or F: Higher energy states make an atom more stable.

False; Lower energy states make an atom more stable.

A chemical bond that results from sharing electrons

Covalent bond.

Why do diatomic molecules exist? What are some examples?

They exist because two-atom molecules are more stable then single atoms. Examples are H2 and F2.

Dots or lines are used to symbolize a single covalent bond in what kind of structure?

Lewis structure.

What is another name for single covalent bonds?

Sigma bonds.

A multiple covalent bond consists of one sigma bond and at least one _____ bond.

Pi.

Describe the proportionality between bond strength and length

Bond length is inversely proportionate to bond strength. In other words, the shorter the bond, the stronger the bond, and the longer the bond, the weaker the bond.

The amount of energy required to break a bond

Bond dissociation energy.

Considering bond dissociation energy, would it require more or less energy to break a shorter bond?

More energy, because shorter = stronger.

Endothermic vs Exothermic reactions in terms of breaking bonds.

Endothermic: a greater amount of energy is required to break a bond

Exothermic: more energy is released than is required to break a bond

When naming binary molecular compounds, the first element is named using the entire ____________ and the second element is named using its root and adding the suffix, “_____”

element name; ide.

When naming oxyacids, the first word sometimes has the prefix '“____”/ “_____
and the suffix “__” or “___”

Hypo/per; ic (ate)/ ous (ite).

When naming acids, the first word has the prefix '“______” and the suffix “__”

Hydro; ic

Condition where more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a molecule/ion

Resonance.