APUSH Final Review

Unit 9

1980 - Present Day

Presidents U9

• Regan, Bush, Obama, Van Buren, Clinton, Trump

The 2000’s census says

• The Immigration Act of ‘65 had favored highly skilled Asians

2000 Election

Centering around Florida’s votes

Gore vs. bush

Republican Party

wanted to decentralize federal authority (great society)

Supply Side Economics

AKA trickle down Republican

Riches trickle down to the poor

Reagan’s New Federalism

decreased funding for govt social welfare programs, gave more responsibility to the states to provide funds for their residents’ needs

Affirmitave action

Nixon’s policy introduced in the late 1960s and early 1970s, aimed to improve job opportunities for African americans.

Iran - Contra Affair

The U.S. secretly sold $30 million in weapons to Iran (under Khomeini) during its war with Iraq in exchange for help freeing American hostages in Lebanon. Iran pressured Hezbollah to release the hostages.

Free Trade agreements

Goal is to increase trade among countries by reducing tariffs (NAFTA - no tariffs between US, Canada, and Mexico)

Unit 8

1945-1980

Presidents U8

Truman, Eisenhower, Nixon, Carter, Kennedy, LBJ, Ford, FDR

Flexible Response

Kennedy: array of responses to weapon threat

Eisenhower Doctrine

•  yield warmaking power to the president so immediate action could be taken .U.S. commitment to defend the Middle East against attack by communist forces. Extension of the Truman Doctrine – but specific to the Middle East 

Marshall Plan

A U.S. initiative to provide economic aid to European countries after World War II, aiming to prevent the spread of communism by stabilizing economies and promoting political stability.

Truman Doctrine:

•  Takes marshall plan but specifically needs congress to give aid to turkey and greece26

26th Amendment:

Lowered voting aged form 21 to 18 in 1971. influenced by Vietnam War. “Old enough to fight, old enough to vote”.

22nd Amendent

Established term limits for presidency to 2 terms in 1951

Cuban Missile Crisis Result:  

The CCCP and U.S. moved their missiles 

Taft-Hartley Bill

• Limited power of unions after the war 

• Permits states to pass “right to work laws” - allowed states to prohibit union shops

• Employers cannot refuse to hire prospective employees because they won't join a union (aka ends “closed shop” arrangements) 

Truman Fair Deal

• Continuation of liberal practices of FDR’s New Deal 

•  21-point program: -Expand Social Security benefits, raise minimum wage, Fair Employment Practices Act, increase environment & public works projects, government supported scientific research, nationalized atomic energy, national health insurance

• 1946: midterm elections → Republicans control both houses of Congress and kill Fair Deal legislation 

Dixiecrats

Southern, white democrats who opposed truman’s Civil rights attempts led by Strom Thurmond

LBJ’s Great Society

increased the size and involvement of the government in society. Extension of New Deal programs and Civil Rights (24th amendment, Civil Rights Act of 1964.)

Korean War

Aka war that separated the Koreas

Example of Containment; US sided with South Korea against communist North Korea; some minor domestic opposition to the war. Lireas were divided among a 38th parallel (Iron Curtain)

Military Industrial Complex

Eisenhower warned against the build up of this. A powerful alliance between the government, defense contractors, and lobbyists.

Mutually Assured Destruction

it became apparent that if either side launched one of these weapons (bombs) against the other, it would provoke retaliation that would result in mutual assured destruction, this had a way of preventing both sides from launching.

Detente

Ford and Nixon: “relax/ease” talks/negotiations

Easing of Cold War tensions between the US and Soviet Union (Examples include: SALT I and Salt II)

-Marked a thaw in U.S.–China relations that paved the way to a visit to Beijing by Nixon

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1964

Allowed U.S. to send troops in to Vietnam (aka “Blank Check” allowing Johnson to use whatever means necessary to defeat North Vietnam) 

G.O.T (thing that gets us involved in this conflict not a war) really vietnam conflict

War in Vietnam

1st U.S. strategy (1966):

“Search-and Destroy” missions aka “Zippo Missions, “Zippo Raids”

Original goal: tally up body count & force surrender

(aka “War of Attrition”)

• U.S. Commander of ground troops: William Westmoreland 

• Ground troops locate enemy → air strikes called in → led our troops to feel like bait

2nd strategy (1967): 

“Pacification” 

•  New goal: win the “hearts and minds” of the South Vietnamese  (to get intel on the VC)

• Construction projects to improve infrastructure

Torrijos-Carter Treaties

• American control of the Panama Canal had been a source of conflict between the two countries 

• Sept. 1977 agreed that Panama would take control of the canal zone by 2000 

• Senate narrowly approved the treaties in ‘78 

•  For some Americans, loss of control of the canal represented a decline in American Power

Helinski Accords

 1 August 1975, Finland 

-35 nations (mostly NATO & Warsaw Pact countries)

 -Agreement reached dealing with issues of territorial boundaries, trade and exchange across the “Iron Curtain,” promised to uphold basic human rights and freedoms

 -Expansion of the détente policy in the Cold War 

→ SALT II

Brown v. Board of education 1954

Overturned Plessy V. Ferguson (separate but equal). Supreme Court Case that ruled separate facilities based on race inherently unequal.

Immigration Act of 1965

Reversed discriminatory quotas acts from the 1920s; favored immigrants from Latin America and Asia

Civil Rights Movement

First was the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which made discrimination on the basis of race religion, or sex illegal. And the 2nd was the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibited racial discrimination in the voting booth.

Women’s Rights

Also during U8. Led by National Organization of Women founded by Betty Friedan

Unit 5

1844-1877

U5 Presidents

Lincoln, Buchanan, Jefferson Davis (Confederate States pres), Andrew Jackson,

1820 Missouri Compromise

 attempted to balance power of North and South by admitting Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state

1846:

failed to close slavery to the “Mexican Cession” (John C. Calhoun against it); Free Soil Party forms (clay tries to step in and compromise)

Free Soilers

come about as a 3rd to advocate for their biggest issues out west. They don’t want slave labor to come to the west because they don’t want to compete with slave labor. They don’t care about the morality stand point. Party arose, stuck between the Whigs and Dem-Reps.

• Pro-Wilmot Proviso

• Federal funding for internal improvements and federally funded homesteads for settlers

• Anti-tariff

Compromise of 1850 (omnibus Bill 5 parts)

1. California be admitted as a free state (whigs, “free soilers”, abolitionists, the north like this). Slave states and the south don’t. (north victory)

2. Utah and New Mexico would decide the issue of slavery (Popular Sovereignty) -depends who would like this and who wouldn’t (moderate victory for both sides)

3. Slave trade banned in D.C. (slavery still exists here though the actual auction hub was banned) Abolitionists, and conscience whigs liked this. Democrats didn’t like this impacts them bc it slows down slave trade. (moderate north victory)

4. Fugitive Slave Act be more strictly enforced (win for dem party, calhoun, slaveholders) (win for south)

5. TX gets $10m as compensation for losing land to NM (no one else cares besides texas)

-Met with strong Southern opposition led by Calhoun, who dies before the debate is over

New Fugitive Slave Act

(nobody of color is safe from being taken to a slave state)

 Legally bound citizens to identify anyone they knew to be a runaway slave 

    -  Denied runaways the ability to testify on their own behalf or be given a trial by jury              

NOrth reacts with Personal Liberty Laws

Kansas-Nebraska Act (one of the major causes of the civil war).

Stephen A Douglas (north dem) created this to settle kansas and nebraska into states and put nebraska get his property in Chicago to go up in value 

-Douglas was obsessed with Westward expansion and RR building BUT Nebraska lay north of the Missouri Compromise line.Douglas proposed popular sovereignty again to settle the debate 

Passed in 1854 . Repeals the Missouri compromise and gained southern support.  Initial purpose was to open up thousands of new farms and make the Transcontinental RR possible

Bleeding Kansas

Result of Kansas Nebraska Act: Proposes a bill to separate the two to protect the political rights of southerners but northerners saw it was really used to repeal the compromise of 1844. Pro and anti-slavery supporters flooded into Kansas with the goal of voting for or against slavery → “Bleeding Kansas”

-“Border Ruffians” from Missouri (slave state) crossed over pushing the tide toward a pro-slavery govtKnow-No

Know-Nothing Party aka American Party

nativist political party. Core beliefs was based on anti-immigrant and catholic sentiments. The party gained its name because members were required to respond "I know nothing" when questioned about the specifics of their organization. 

Dred Scott Decision 1857

-So technically the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

Property rights are most important. He made free states illegal. He’s saying your property is your property wherever you go and that right is protected. Abolitionists became war christians after this.

slave “went to trial”

Crittenden Compromise 1860

-Would solidify Fugitive Slave Laws as constitutional and to be faithfully observed and execute

-Would make Personal Liberty laws unconstitutional and therefore repealed

-Proposed that the Fugitives Slave Law of 1850 should be less controversial by equalizing the fee schedule for magistrates returning “runaway enslaved persons”

-Slavery would be prohibited in any territory of the U.S. “now held, or hereafter acquired” north of the 36 30 line

-Slavery would be considered “existing” in any state below the Missouri Compromise line

-Lincoln refused this plan outright

Support from the south.

Border states (essential to maintain and very strategic, need  to make sure they don’t secede)

Delaware: protected the port of Phildelphia

Kentucky: farmland and grain production. Ohio River left Union open to Invasion

Maryland: D.C., surrounded by Confederate territory

Missouri: Access to lower Mississippi River and protects union farmland to the north

Licnoln needs them to preserve the union

Battle of Shiloh, TN

Bloodiest battle of American History (yet) Union victory. suprise attack on Grants forces

Battle of Antietam 1862

Lee’s First attempt to invade the North. Lincoln changes purpose of war from  “preserving the union” to abolition

Emancipation Proclamation

Formal emancipation of slaves in “states of rebellion” (except Union-occupied areas) that did not return to Union control by 1 January 1863 (trying to say the goal is to preserve the union and work towards emancipation and weaken the states still in rebellion it's a diplomatic military strategy to get them back to the union)

Only freedom slaves ins states that were inactive rebellion against the United steps (the confederacy).did not free slaves in border sites.

Civil War Amendments

13th: abolition of slavery

14th: citizenship of all American citizens

15th: voting rights

Radical Republicans

goal: eradication of slavery (against slavery)

Whigs:

Supporters of the American System, southern nullies, northern industrialists and merchants, formedi n opposition of Andrew Jackson

Democratic Party

wanted to expand suffrage to all white men. And southerners for slavery.

John Brown:

an abolitionist who believed that the only way to abolish slavery was slave uprisings against the south

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

1. Assured all laws being passed would be enforced in the South. South suffered military occupation to watch over them.

2. Increased the requirement for southern states to rejoin the Union. Now the states would also have to ratify the 14th amendment.

3. These laws led to reconstruction failure

Failed because sharecropping replaced slavery, white race remained superior, KKK formed, and Black codes formed.

End of Reconstruction 1877

Compromise of 1877: Democrats agreed to concede election to Hayes. In exchange Republicans agreed to remove all Fed troops from the South.

Bleeding kansas led to

the creation of the Republican party

Freeport Doctrine

court ruling that disallowed the banning of slavery by not enforcing slave owners rights. A territory could determine whether to allow slavery based on popular sovereignty. South didn’t like this

The Morrill Tariff Act of 1861:

Financed the war effort but also angered foreign countries

Gettysburg

Lee’s Final offensive attack into the North; considered by most the turning point of the war

Redeemers

Southern Dems who brought their party back to power in the South during Reconstruction

Radical Republicans

wanted to punish white southerners, protect freedmen, & limit Johnson’s power

Carpetbaggers

Northerners (lawyers and businessmen) who traveled to the South after the war

Tenure of Office Act (1867):

Required congressional approval to remove a federal official

States Rights’

the debate revolved around the balance of power between the federal government and individual states, with the South advocating for greater state autonomy and less federal intervention. This was particularly relevant regarding issues like slavery and the ability of states to regulate or abolish it, as well as other federal laws and regulations that the South felt were infringing on their rights. 

Unit 2:

1607-1754

Joint stock companies

Shares of a company are sold to investors,who expect a profit in return

Jamestown

IIn late 1606, the VA Company sends three ships to the Eastern coast of N. America

• Arrive in the spring of 1607

– At the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay

– Attacked by Indians, so they pressed inland

• On 24 May 1607, about 100 colonists land at what would become Jamestown, on the James River

Tobacco

The key to survival in Jamestwon. Settlers found a marketable product and began growing around 1610. John Rolfe smuggles seedlings from the Carribbean, these seeds grow crops of better quality, creating high demand for VA tobacco.

Bacon’s Rebellion - 1676

Indentured servitude rebellion causing planters in VA to turn to slave labor instead of indentured servants. NA disputes between colonists over the frontier. Nathaniel Bacon led frontier colonists and indentured servants in a rebellion; burned Jamestown.

Headright System (1618)

Used to attract to new settlers and solve labor shortage. New settlers who paid to get to VA received 50 acres of land

House of Burgesses

1st Representative Democracy in the colonies

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

- Rolfe and 346 others were killed in 1622, and the 2nd Anglo-Powhatan War began in 1644; natives defeated and banned from their land in 1646

Pilgrims (1620)

Aka Separatists

Purpose: secure religious liberties in Plymouth MA

Puritans

AKA non-separatists

Wanted to rid the English Church of Catholic traditions; PURIFY the English (Anglican) Church

John Winthrop – governor of the MA Bay Colony (1630) wrote “City on a Hill” - Boston’s Puritans must set an example to the world; education was crucial to spreading their faith

Anne Hutchinson

belief in individual worship and claim that God spoke to her challenged Puritan leaders

-Excommunicated in a famous trial (from 1636-1638) and fled to New Amsterdam

King Philip’s War

Aka Metacom’s War, 1675-1676, southern NE

After the Pequot War, several New England colonies formed a military alliance called the New England Confederation. Tensions with Native Americans rose after Chief Massasoit's death, leading his son Metacom (King Philip) to launch attacks in response to colonial encroachment and the execution of Wampanoag men. The conflict ended in 1676 with Metacom’s death and a decisive colonial victory.

When did Colonies become states?

July 4, 1776

New England Colonies

Plymouth colony

Puritans and Separatists

MB Colony

democratic governence

Economy: whaling subsistence farming, rum, shipbuilding

Conneticut (1636) fundamental Orders of CT

1st written constitution of a democratic govt in the colonies -main concern was the welfare of the community; the individual always had to give way if the needs of the whole community required

Founded by Thomas Hooker who wanted to extend more religious freedom than MA -Did not have to be a member of the church to vote

Purpose: religious freedom and profit Economy: farming, shipbuilding, rum

The Glorious Revolution 1688

The Protestant majority eventually took power, passing a law that prohibited Catholics from voting and practicing Catholic traditions. It quieted Catholic voting power in MD until 1718

Pennsylvania (1682)

Purpose: religious freedom and profit Economy: farming & ironworks Founder: William Penn as a “gift” from Charles II (actually a repayment of a previous debt)

Quakers aka “Society of Friends”: -Practiced worship without ministers (simple worship) -Pacifist on the issue of war (Would not swear oaths or pay taxes if $ went to defense) -Much more tolerant of diversity, but had strict moral codes -Total equality rather than respect for nobility

known as the “City of Brotherly Love”

Fair treatment of NAs (but allowed slavery) & allowed women to attend meetings

Georgia (1732)

James Oglethorpe mortgaged his wealth to create a place for imprisoned debtors to start a new life; King George II approved charter → would also serve as a buffer from Spanish FL; imposed strict rules to ensure success

-No slavery, no Catholics, alcohol, equitable (small) plots of land given → failed & charter revoked; slavery began here in 1750

Economy: farming, rice, indigo, naval stores, livestock

Enlightenment

17th-`8th amendment

stressed the use of reason and scientific method to answer questions. led to the founding of colleges and universities.

John Locke

: (English) believed every human was born with Natural Rights of life, liberty, and property that the govt MUST protect →

Social Contract Theory: an agreement between a people & their govt to protect their rights in exchange for their loyalty and respect for authority/laws

-Ideas we will see in the Declaration of Independence

-Also a firm advocate of the separation of “Church and State”

Baron Montesquieu

(French) “Separation of Powers” - one branch writes laws, another enforces them, another judges them

Rousseau

(French) govt power needs to be “checked” in order to be balanced & fair

 1st Great Awakening

1730s-1760s: revival of Christian faith to draw more of an emotional connection from Christians to God. It also encourage d christians to question religious authority.

New England colonies

MA, NH, CT, RI

subsistence farming, small business like sewing, milling grain, furniture making, blacksmithing, shipbuilding, whaling, fishing, lumber . Settled to practice religious freedom. Small towns and family farms.

Middle Colonies

NY, PA, NJ, DE

staple food production like wheat (known as the “Breadbasket”), livestock, cash crops, ironworks, naval stores .Cities and hard goods industries. Settled to set up family farms and businesses.

Southern Colonies

MD, VA, NC, SC, GA

centered around AGRICULTURE - especially production of cash crops such as tobacco, rice & indigo; plantations. small towns served plantation trade. Settled to setup large agricultural trading companies.

Triangular Trade

exchange of goods & services between Africa, English Colonies & Europe

Slaves traded → sugar (raw material) picked up and brought to colonies (raw material) → rum (manufactured good) sent back to Europe

Mercantilism

a nation increases wealth & power through trade from colonies World Power = Wealth

Navigation Acts 1649

 1. Restricted how & with whom the colonists could do business

2. All shipments must pass through English ports

Purpose: Laws NAVIGATED the profit right back to England

Great Migration

More than 20,000 Puritans moved from England to New England over a ten year period

Stono Rebellion

Failed SC slave revolt in 1739, resulted in strict Slave Codes throughout South

Providence, Rhode Island

Greater religious freedom (founder: Roger Williams) & was peacefully acquired from NAs

Marylank, Toleration act of 1649

Founded as a haven for Catholics; attempted to calm tension between rushing # of Protestants