Intro: Tissues, Joints and Terminology

A comprehensive set of practice questions covering anatomy terminology, directional terms, planes, tissue types, bone and joint structure, serous and mucous membranes, body cavities, and surrounding connective tissues based on the lecture notes.

What is gross anatomy?

The study of structures that can be dissected and observed with the unaided eye.

What is topographical anatomy?

Anatomy of one part of the body in relation to other parts of the body.

What is applied anatomy?

The practical application of topographical anatomy in the diagnosis and treatment of pathological conditions.

What is microscopic anatomy (histology)?

The study of structures that are too small to be seen without a light microscope.

What is ultrastructural anatomy?

The examination of structure in greater detail with an electron microscope.

What is embryology?

The study of the development of the individual from the fertilized oocyte to birth.

What is developmental anatomy?

The study of development from zygote to adult.

What is teratology?

The study of abnormal development.

What components make up the canine axial skeleton listed in the notes?

Skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum, and hyoid apparatus.

What does the term 'brachium' mean?

Arm.

What does the term 'antebrachium' mean?

Forearm.

What does 'thigh' refer to in the canine limb terminology?

Pelvic limb (proximal part of the hind limb).

What does 'crus' refer to?

Leg (lower limb).

What are the major limb regions identified in the notes?

Forelimb: brachium (arm), antebrachium (forearm); Hindlimb: thigh (pelvic limb), crus (leg); Includes shoulder, elbow, carpal, stifle, hock, hip, manus, pes, thoracic and pelvic girdles.

What is the difference between muscle origin and insertion?

Origin is the proximal fixed point; insertion is the distal moving point.

What is fascia?

A dense connective tissue sheet that separates neighboring skeletal muscles and carries blood vessels and nerves; helps prevent overstretching.

Name the four layers of muscle connective tissue from outermost to innermost.

Fascia, epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.

What is an aponeurosis?

A flat, sheet-like tendon that allows broader attachment.

What is a tendon?

A cord-like structure that attaches muscle to bone.

What is a Bursa?

A saclike structure that secretes synovial fluid to reduce friction from tendon movement.

What is a retinaculum?

A fibrous band that holds down and stabilizes tendons.

What are the components of a synovial joint capsule?

Fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, joint cavity with synovial fluid, and hyaline articular cartilage.

Name accessory structures associated with synovial joints.

Fat pads, accessory ligaments (extracapsular and intracapsular), tendons, bursa, menisci (articular discs), and articular fat pads.

What is a synovial joint plane of movement called that is multiaxial?

Spheroidal (ball-and-socket) joint.

Give an example of a spheroidal joint in dogs.

Hip joint (canine).

What is a hinge joint and give an example mentioned?

A uniaxial joint; example: fetlock (metacarpophalangeal) joint in horses.

What are common synovial joint movements?

Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, and rotation (internal/external).

What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?

Tendons attach muscle to bone; ligaments connect bones or other structures and stabilize joints.

What are epithelium and fascial planes modifications (e.g., pads) mentioned in the notes?

Epithelium lines surfaces; fascial planes include various layers and may have pads at the manus/pes as modifications.

What is muscle attachment vs origin vs insertion?

Origin: proximal fixed point; Insertion: distal moving point; Attachment is a general term for where a muscle connects.

What is the difference between long bones, flat bones, short bones, and irregular bones?

Long bones (limbs), flat bones (skull bones), short bones (sesamoids, carpus/tarsus), irregular bones (vertebrae, pelvis).

What is cortical (compact) bone vs trabecular (spongy) bone?

Cortical bone is the dense outer shell with about 5% porosity; trabecular bone is interior, ~50-90% porous.

Where is bone marrow found and what are red vs yellow marrow?

Red marrow is hemopoietic; yellow marrow is fatty and found in adults.

What are the regions of a long bone?

Metaphysis (growth region where new bone forms), physis/growth plate (cartilage), diaphysis (shaft with compact bone and medullary cavity), and epiphysis (ends with thin cortex and spongy bone). Articular cartilage covers ends.

What are the functions of joints?

Articulations between two or more bones or bone parts; often the weakest parts of the skeleton.

What are the main fibrous joint types and examples?

Gomphosis, syndesmosis, and sutures (dense regular connective tissue).

What are the main cartilaginous joint types?

Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage) and symphysis (fibrocartilage).

What is a synovial (diarthrotic) joint?

A joint that allows free movement with a joint capsule and synovial cavity.

What are major joint features to know in canine anatomy?

Joint capsule with fibrous and synovial parts, synovial membrane, joint cavity, hyaline cartilage, and potential accessory structures like cruciate ligaments, menisci, and fat pads.

What planes and directions are named in the directional terms section (dorsal/ventral, cranial/caudal, proximal/distal, etc.)?

Dorsal-ventral; cranial-caudal; proximal-distal; left-right; medial-lateral; sagittal and transverse planes; dorsal plane with limb-specific terms (palmar/plantar).

What is the sagittal plane and what is the median plane?

Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right; median plane is the center sagittal plane.

What is the transverse plane?

A plane perpendicular to the long axis; divides into cranial and caudal parts; for limbs, rostral/caudal, proximal/distal patterns apply.

What is the dorsal plane?

A plane perpendicular to sagittal and transverse planes; describes dorsal-ventral relationships; for limbs: dorsal - palmar or dorsal - plantar.

What are the levels of organization in the body (from simplest to complex)?

Atoms, molecules, organelles, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

What are the four basic tissue types?

Epithelial, Nervous, Muscle, and Connective tissues.

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Covers body surfaces, lines cavities and ducts, and forms secretions (glands).

What are serous membranes and what is their function?

Double-layer membranes that line closed cavities and secrete lubricating fluid to reduce friction.

What is the difference between visceral and parietal serous membranes?

Visceral membranes cover organs; parietal membranes line cavity walls.

What is the mucous membrane?

Lines surfaces that open to the outside of the body.

What is retroperitoneal space?

Organs that lie against the dorsal body wall and are covered by peritoneum only on their ventral side.

Name some organs often described as retroperitoneal.

Kidneys, adrenal glands, bladder (partly), ureters, vagina (partly), prostate (some species), abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, pancreas (partly), spleen (in some species), esophagus (partly), rectum (partly).

What are the meninges and their general function?

Connective tissue membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord.

In order from superficial to deep, what are the meninges and related structures?

Cranium (bone), dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid, subarachnoid space, pia mater, brain.

What is the difference between serous membranes and mucous membranes in terms of openness to the outside?

Serous membranes line surfaces that DO NOT open to the outside; mucous membranes line surfaces that OPEN to the outside.

What is the pericardium and its two layers described in the notes?

Visceral pericardium (covers the heart) and parietal pericardium (lines the pericardial cavity); parietal layer also has a fibrous layer.