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Social Determinants of Health (SDH)
Non-medical factors influencing health outcomes.
Food and Nutrition Assistance
Programs providing access to medically tailored meals, food pantries, and nutrition education.
Transportation Services
Non-emergency medical transportation to healthcare appointments.
W.I.C.
A federally funded program that provides vouchers for healthy food and infant formula to low-income pregnant and postpartum women, infants, and children.
1910 Flexner Report
Standardized and improved medical education but led to the closure of many medical schools, particularly African American institutions.
1964 Civil Rights Act
Legally banned discrimination in various sectors, although enforcement was inconsistent.
Volume-Based Care
Healthcare reimbursement model based on the number of visits or services provided.
Value-Based Care
Healthcare model that financially incentivizes providers for keeping patients healthy.
Market Justice
Healthcare distribution based on willingness and ability to pay.
Social Justice
The ethical responsibility to distribute healthcare equitably.
Three-Legged Stool Model of the ACA
Consists of Guaranteed Issue/Access, Individual Mandate, and Government Subsidies.
Employer-Based Insurance
Healthcare insurance coverage for approximately 50% of Americans, provided through their employer.
Dual Eligible
Individuals who qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid.
Co-payment
A fixed amount paid per healthcare visit after a deductible is met.
Premiums
Monthly payments required for maintaining health insurance coverage.
Deductible
The amount that must be paid out-of-pocket before insurance coverage kicks in.
Coinsurance
The percentage split between the insurer and enrollee, typically in an 80/20 format.
Affordable Care Act (ACA) Results
Post-2010 uninsured rates decreased initially but began to rise again after 2016.
Healthcare Payment Models
Different structures for funding and reimbursement in the healthcare system.
Health Disparities
Differential burdens of disease and access to care among various populations.
Paradox of U.S. Healthcare
The observation that the U.S. has high-quality care but many citizens lack access.
Medicare vs. Medicaid
Medicare is a federal program for seniors, while Medicaid is state-managed and income-based.
