Public Health

Social Determinants of Health (SDH)

Non-medical factors influencing health outcomes.

Food and Nutrition Assistance

Programs providing access to medically tailored meals, food pantries, and nutrition education.

Transportation Services

Non-emergency medical transportation to healthcare appointments.

W.I.C.

A federally funded program that provides vouchers for healthy food and infant formula to low-income pregnant and postpartum women, infants, and children.

1910 Flexner Report

Standardized and improved medical education but led to the closure of many medical schools, particularly African American institutions.

1964 Civil Rights Act

Legally banned discrimination in various sectors, although enforcement was inconsistent.

Volume-Based Care

Healthcare reimbursement model based on the number of visits or services provided.

Value-Based Care

Healthcare model that financially incentivizes providers for keeping patients healthy.

Market Justice

Healthcare distribution based on willingness and ability to pay.

Social Justice

The ethical responsibility to distribute healthcare equitably.

Three-Legged Stool Model of the ACA

Consists of Guaranteed Issue/Access, Individual Mandate, and Government Subsidies.

Employer-Based Insurance

Healthcare insurance coverage for approximately 50% of Americans, provided through their employer.

Dual Eligible

Individuals who qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid.

Co-payment

A fixed amount paid per healthcare visit after a deductible is met.

Premiums

Monthly payments required for maintaining health insurance coverage.

Deductible

The amount that must be paid out-of-pocket before insurance coverage kicks in.

Coinsurance

The percentage split between the insurer and enrollee, typically in an 80/20 format.

Affordable Care Act (ACA) Results

Post-2010 uninsured rates decreased initially but began to rise again after 2016.

Healthcare Payment Models

Different structures for funding and reimbursement in the healthcare system.

Health Disparities

Differential burdens of disease and access to care among various populations.

Paradox of U.S. Healthcare

The observation that the U.S. has high-quality care but many citizens lack access.

Medicare vs. Medicaid

Medicare is a federal program for seniors, while Medicaid is state-managed and income-based.