Patho exam 1- Electrolytes

4 functions of electrolytes

nerve and muscle function, regulate fluid balance/BP, regulate pH, help rebuild damaged tissues

sodium purpose

THNK NEURO → nerve impulses

higher in the ECF

sodium regulation

aldosterone → retains sodium and causes the excretion of potassium and hydrogens

Sodium has a direct relationship with

Chloride

Hypo/hypernatremia system affected

neural

Hyponatremia water movement in relation to cell

pulls fluid into cell because less sodium is in the ecf, os that means more is in the cell attracting water

Hyponatremia cause

Sodium dilution due to water gain or a pure sodium defecit

Hyponatremia example of causes

dehydration, severe vomiting and diarrhea, too much water

possible hypervolemia → too much water dilutes sodium

Hyponatremia clinical manifestations

confusion, coma, seizures, abdominal cramps, muscle twitching, headache

Hyponatremia fluid volume disturbances

cell swelling

Hypernatremia water movement in relation to cell

pulls fluid from cell, into the interstitium

Hypernatremia cause

excess water loss> sodium loss

renal fluid lost

Hypernatremia example of cause

dehydration, too much salt intake

Hypernatremia clinical manifestations

agitation, confusion, coma, intense thirst

Hypernatremia fluid volume disturbance

cell shrinkage

Potassium purpose

cell excitability and cardiac effects

Potassium regulation

aldosterone → excretes it in urine

Hypo/hyperkalemia system affected

cardiac

NUMBER 1 Priority

Hypokalemia cause

increased insulin —> pushes potassium inside cell,

metabolic alkalosis → K goes into cell and H leaves cell as compensation

Hypokalemia example of causes

diarrhea, Diabetic Kedo Acidosis, excessive sweating, laxative use

Hypokalemia clinical manifestations

decreased cardiac excitability (weak pulse, bradycardia)

Hyperkalemia cause

decreased insulin - → less potassium pushed in cell,

meetabolic acidosis - >

cell trauma → if cell lyses all the potassium is released in the ecf

Hyperkalemia example of causes

ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, dehydration, supplements

Hyperkalemia clinical manifestations

increased cardiac excitability (irregular pulse, cardiac arrest)

Peaked T waves

hyperkalemia

Flat/shallow T waves

hypokalemia

Calcium purpose

sedative effect on nerve cells, muscles

Calcium has an inverse relationship with

Phosphorus (PO4-)

Calcium regulation

calcitonin(helps lower high calcium levels), parathyroid hormone(from parathyroid gland only raises calcium levels)

Hyper/hypocalcemia

calcium

Hypocalcemia causes

less calcium entering blood - vit D deficiency,

excess calcium leaving blood → kidney failure, dieretics

alkalosis,

elevated phosphorus

Hypocalcemia example of causes

hormone disorders, hyperphosphateemia

Hypocalcemia system affected

muscular/nerve excitability

more exciteable neurons

Hypocalcemia signs

increased neuromuscular excitability (Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs); tetany

trusseaus sign → inflate blood cuff causes wrist flexion

chvostek → facial muscle twitching by touching facial nerve

Hypercalcemia causes

increased bone and intestinal absorbtion, acidosis

, low phosphorus

Hypercalcemia example of causes

cancer, medical disorders, supplements

Hypercalcemia system affected

muscular/nerve sedation

makes neurons more diffcult fire

Hypercalcemia clinical manifestations

decreased neuromuscular excitability, increased cardiac irritability

muscle movements decreased

What electrolyte is number one priority if off

Potassium - > cardaic no matter what

Order of electrolyte priorities

1st. potassium

2nd. sodium

3rd. calcium

Potassium hydrogen exchange

if low H+ in blood( metabolic alkalosis) —> it will exchange with potassium, so potassium goes in cell and hydrogen leaves cell

if high H+ in blood(metabolic acidosis) —> potassium will leave cell and hydrogen goes inside cell

places where calcium is found

teeth, bones, cell membranes