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Translation
Translating mRNA sequence to an an amino acid sequence during protein synthesis
Where does translation occur?
In ribosomes
mRNA
Contains information about which amino acids are needed for the protein
tRNA
tRNA anticodons bind to complementary RNA codons, forming proteins structure
rRNA
forms ribosomes
Transcription
Process which copies DNA sections into small mRNA molecules which then go to the site of protein synthesis
DNA helicase
Breaks hydrogen bonds between bases
RNA polymerase
Forms phosphodiester bonds between RNA molecules
Nuclear pore
how mRNA leaves the nucleus
Genetic code
Combination of codons in genome
Genes
Determine protein structure
Degenerate
Multiple codons can code for same amino acid
Universal
Same 4 bases used in DNA of every organism, same codons encode same amino acids in every organism
Non-overlapping
Codons do not overlap, bases are used one at a time
How to break down cell wall of plants
Grind sample using pestle and mortar
How to break down plasma membrane in plants
Mix sample with detergent
What salt does in DNA precipitation
neutralises charge on DNA, making it less hydrophilic and less soluble in water, causing a precipitate to form
What DNA is seen as after extraction from plants
White strands (precipitate)
What protease enzymes do in DNA precipitation
Breaks down histones
3 steps after grind + mix of plant sample
Add salt, protease enzymes and ethanol layer
components of a nucleotide
Phosphate group, pentose monosaccharide, nitrogenous base
ATP
3 phosphates, ribose and adenine
ADP
2 phosphates, ribose and adenine
bonds that join up nucleotides
Phosphodiester bonds
anti parallel
DNA strands run in opposite directions
DNA helicase
Unzips DNA strand in replication
Semi-conservative replication
produces two copies of the original DNA molecule, used in mitosis
DNA polymerase
Catalyses phosphodiester bond formation between nucleotides
Purines
Larger and double ring structure
bases that are purines
Adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines
Smaller and single carbon ring structure
Bases that are pyrimidines
Thymine, cytosine and uracil
number of hydrogen bonds formed between A+T
2
Number of hydrogen bonds formed between G+C
3
