Immunology Exam 1

What are the three layers of the body's defense against invading pathogens?

1. physical, chemical, and microbiological barrie

2. innate immunity

3. adaptive immunity

How long does it take for an adaptive immune response to develop compared to the rapid response of innate immunity?

days to weeks from the first antigen exposure

Which specialized cell type serves as the critical link between innate and adaptive immunity by presenting antigens?

dendritic cell

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

Which acute phase protein can be used as a reliable diagnostic aid for acute inflammation in cats, horses, and ruminants?

SAA

What are the three major biological functions produced when the complement system is activated?

inflammation, increased phagocytosis, and kills some bacteria/viruses

Which acute phase protein can be used as a reliable diagnostic aid for acute inflammation in dogs?

CRP

Which acute phase protein can be used as a reliable diagnostic aid for acute inflammation in pigs and horses?

fibrinogen

Which acute phase protein can only be used as a reliable diagnostic aid for acute inflammation in ruminants?

haptoblogin

What are the specific Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) for bacteria, fungi, and viruses, respectively?

Bacteria: bacterial DNA, flagellin LPS, lipoteichoic acid

Fungi: zymosan

Virus: ssRNA, dsRNA

Describe the five-step process of phagocytosis for opsonized pathogens?

Describe the five-step process of phagocytosis for neutrophils?

Explain how a Natural Killer (NK) cell uses its activating and inhibitory receptors to differentiate between a normal host cell and a tumor cell.

Activating receptors bind to ligands that indicate abnormality Inhibitory receptors bind to normal self-markers such as MHC I

Without a signal from an inhibitory receptor, the cell is killed

What are the five systemic effects mediated by cytokines that are released by activated macrophages at a site of local inflammation?

Loss of appetite (anorexia), Lethargy, Fever, Leukocytosis (usually neutrophilia), Production of acute phase proteins

How do selective COX-2 inhibitors differ in their therapeutic targeting compared to traditional nonselective COX-1 & 2 inhibitors?

COX-1 & 2 inhibitors: target pathological and physiological pathways

COX-2 inhibitors: only target pathological pathways