Abnormal Psychology Final Exam

Personality Disorders

A persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control that results in enduring emotional stress for the person affected and/or for others and may cause difficulties with work and relationships.

3 Clusters of Personality Disorders

Cluster A (odd or eccentric)

Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, erratic)

Cluster C (anxious & fearful)

Cluster A Personality Disorders (odd or eccentric)

“People Seem Strange”

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent (having or showing wish to do evil to others).

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with reduced capacity for close relationships, as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior.

Cluster B Personality Disorders (dramatic, emotional, erratic)

“Always Bring High Noise”

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

Borderline Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and control over impulses.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of excessive emotion and attention seeking.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

Cluster C Personality Disorders (anxious and fearful)

“Avoidant, Dependent, Orderly”

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Dependent Personality Disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.

Dependent Personality Disorder

A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Often considered the “basic” anxiety disorder because it is considered by intense unfocused anxiety. Also difficult to control.

Symptoms of GAD

restlessness, easily fatigued, inability to concentrate or mind going blank, irritability, sleep disturbance.

Mania refers to

Abnormally exaggerated joy, elation, or euphoria.

Major depressive disorder (recurrent)

Two or more depressive episodes occur and are separated by a a period of at least two months during which the individual is not depressed.

Bipolar disorder

Alternations between depression and mania.

Bipolar I

Alternation of full depressive and manic episodes.

Average onset is 18 years, but can begin in childhood.

Tends to be chronic.

Suicide is a common consequence.

Bipolar II

Major depressive episodes alternate with hypomanic episodes

Average onset is 22 years, but can begin in childhood.

Tends to be chronic.

10% to 13% of cases progress to full Bipolar I.

Hypomanic

(Hypo means below)

A less severe version of a manic episode that does not cause impairment in social and occupational functioning.

Dysthymic disorder

Persistently depressed mood that continues for at least 2 years. Symptoms tend to be milder and remain relatively unchanged compared to major depressive disorder.

Double depression

Both major depressive episodes and dysthymic disorder

Dysthymic usually develops first.

The frequency of severe depression is quite high when what follows?

The death of a loved one.

Substance abuse

According to the DSM-IV-TR, substance abuse is defined based on the interference with the user’s life.

Physical damage related to alcohol substance abuse

Liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disorders, brain damage.

Chronic use of alcohol can produce two types of serious brain syndromes:

Dementia and Wernicke’s disease

Anorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder characterized by recurrent food refusal, leading to dangerously low body weight.

Bulimia Nervosa

Eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of uncontrolled excessive (binge) eating followed by compensatory actions to remove the food (for example, deliberate vomiting, laxative abuse, and excessive exercise).

Central characteristic between Anorexia and Bulimia

A drive to be thin.

Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder

Developmental disorder featuring maladaptive levels of inattention, excessive activity, and impulsiveness.

Sequence of development of disruptive/ antisocial behavior.

The typical sequence for the development of disruptive behavior is from Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) to Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and finally to Conduct Disorder (CD). While these conditions often co-occur, ODD can emerge from earlier disruptive behaviors linked to ADHD.

Externalizing disorders

Create difficulties for the child’s external world. They are characterized by children’s failure to control their behavior according the expectations of parents, peers, teachers and
others.

Ex: conduct disorder, ADHD

Internalizing disorders

are psychological problems that primarily
affect the child’s internal world – i.e. excessive anxiety, sadness.