Intro to Counseling Exam 2 Study Guide

theoretical orientation

a counselor’s philosophy about how problems develop and how these problems can be addressed through counseling

What is the role of Sigmund Freud in the development of psychoanalysis?

Freud originally practiced this and originated talk therapy here; unlike psychodynamic which only includes some of Freud’s ideas

What are two major aspects of the Freudian view of human nature?

deterministic and stage-based

Deterministic

our behavior is determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, biological drives, and sexual drives

Stage-based

normal personality development is based on the successful resolution and integration of the psychosexual stage of development

Id

the part of the mind in psychoanalytic theory that contains our primal desires and drives; it operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of basic needs and urges.

Superego

the part of the mind in psychoanalytic theory that reflects the internalized ideals and standards for judgment. It represents moral conscience and strives for perfection, often opposing the desires of the id.

Ego

the part of the mind in psychoanalytic theory that mediates between the desires of the id and the realities of the external world. It operates on the reality principle, balancing immediate gratification with social norms and rules.

How do problem develop according to the psychoanalytic approach?

conflict among the id/superego/ego, anxiety from repression, overused defense mechanisms, fixations

Repression

unconscious exclusion of distressing and painful thoughts

Denial

refusing to see or accept problems

Reaction formation

expressing the opposite of one’s true impulse

projection

attributing to others one’s unacceptable desires

Displacement

directing energy towards a “safe target”

sublimation

modifying a drive to acceptable social behavior

regression

going back to an earlier phase of development due to fear

rationalization

justification by intellectual reasoning

How does change occur according to the psychoanalytic approach?

restructure personality and develop new insights

Cyclical Maladaptive Pattern (CMP)

a way of relating to others which was adaptive at one point but currently affects relationships in a negative manner, which in turn has a negative consequence for the client

How is TLDP different from the traditional psychoanalytic approach?

briefer than psychoanalytic therapy

Carl Rogers

the founder of person-centered therapy

incongruence

gap between ideal self and actual self

conditions of worth

criteria we think we must meet in order to be worthy of love

What are the three core facilitative conditions of Rogerian therapy?

congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathy

What does modern feminist therapy emphasize?

Emphasize importance of diversity, social activism, and attention to interdependence of personal and social identities

What are two primary elements of modern feminist therapy?

the personal is political and egalitarian therapeutic relationship

How do problems develop in feminist therapy?

interpersonal, social, and economic problems and coping strategies no longer working

empowerment

feminist therapy causes changes because of this __________

insight-oriented

Emphasis: self-awareness and understanding

Primary Medium: verbal interventions

More attention to the therapeutic relationship and to process, interpretation, and insight

action-oriented

Emphasis: relief of symptoms

Primary Medium: action with verbal processing

More attention to objective, scientific behavioral interventions and outcome measures

What are the underlying principles of the behavioral therapy?

behavior is the product of learning and client can change without insights

Functional Assessment

attempt to determine the contingencies (i.e., patterns of rewards/punishment) maintaining problematic behaviors

ABC Model

antecedent → behavior → consequence

Cognitive Model

situation or event → automatic thought → reaction (emotional, physiological, behavioral)

automatic thoughts

thoughts or images that come up automatically or instantaneously in response to events

intermediate beliefs

anything between automatic thoughts and core beliefs

core beliefs

one’s core belief system about people, events, and the environment (schema)

arbitrary inference

drawing conclusions with no supporting evidence

selective abstraction

selectively attending to negative cues, neglecting the positive or more neutral ones

overgeneralization

taking a localized or specific negative event and applying it globally

magnification/minimization

over- or under-emphasizing the importance or magnitude of an event

aka “catastrophizing”

personalization

attributing external events to oneself without evidence supporting a causal connection

polarized thinking

manifests as an inability or unwillingness to see shades of grey

jumping to conclusions: mind-reading

filling in the gaps of your knowledge by assuming what someone else’s thoughts are

jumping to conclusions: fortune telling

the tendency to make conclusions and prediction based on little to no evidence and holding them as truth

mindfulness-based therapies

1st wave: behavioral

2nd wave: CBT

3rd wave: mindfulness

socratic dialogue

a series of questions designed to help the client uncover the assumptions and evidence that underpin their thoughts

thought challenging

help the clients challenge their maladaptive thinking patterns

downward arrow technique

help get to the root of your negative thoughts and unhealthy beliefs about yourself

dysfunctional thought record

a self-monitoring method used to assess clients’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors outside of therapy

hypothesis testing

testing the validity of one’s thoughts and beliefs

What are 3 core features of mindfulness-based therapies?

mindfulness, non-judgemental awareness, and acceptance

The DBT is about the balance between what?

acceptance and change

Who developed the DBT? DBT was initially developed for what kind of clients/patients?

Marsha Linehan for borderline personality patients

four modules of DBT

mindfulness, emotional regulation, interpersonal effectiveness, and distress tolerance

Who developed ACT?

Steven Hayes

ACT about distress

distress is unavoidable

cognitive defusion

don’t change the thought, but change your relationship to the thought

roots of existential therapy

born from philosophy and asks existential questions

Viktor Frankl

Holocaust survivor, logotherapy

Rolly May

said that psychotherapy should be aimed at problems of being not problem solving

Six Propositions of Human Condition

1) The capacity for self awareness

2) Freedom and responsibility

3) Striving for identity and relationship to others

4) The search for meaning

5) Anxiety as a condition for living

6) Awareness of death and nonbeing

4 ultimate concerns of existential therapy

freedom, death, meaninglessness, and isolation

Frederick (Fritz) Perls

founder of Gestalt/experiential therapy

gestalt view of human nature

self-actualizing tendency and the whole is more than a sum of its parts

major beliefs of Gestalt therapy

1) Stresses individual responsibility and individuality

2) Believes in the “power in the present”

3) Promotes direct experiencing

unfinished business

Unexpressed feelings that interfere with current psychological functioning

Possible results: Preoccupation, distress, self-defeating behaviors, cognitive distortions

introjection

accepting others’ views without reviewing them

confluence

weak boundaries btw self and environment

retroflection

we do to ourselves what we would like to do to someone leelse

deflection

avoiding of contact or awareness by turning aside