Year 8 History Medieval Europe Flashcards

Real

Dates of the Middle Ages/Medieval period?

476-1453

Early middle ages dates?

476-1000 CE/AD

High middle ages dates?

1000-1300 CE/AD

Late middle ages dates?

1300-1500 CE/AD

What was feudalism / the feudal system?

A social system in which land was organised for people of different ranks, in exchange for their services. It provided protection for the people.

What are the four levels of society, descending?

King, Noble/Baron/Lord, Knight, Peasant/Serf or Monarch, Tenant in chief, Sub tenants, Peasantry

Who was a vassal?

A person who swore loyalty and service to a superior.

What did peasants give the above rank for land?

Food and labour

What did knights give the above rank for land?

Military service and protection

What did nobles give the above rank for land?

Money and knights

What did the start of the Middle Ages signify?

The fall of the western Roman Empire.

What did the end of the Middles Ages signify?

The fall of the eastern Roman Empire and the start of the Renaissance Period.

In what year did the Battle of the Hastings take place?

1066

Describe the Battle of the Hastings.

Edward the Confessor died and needed a claim to the throne. William, Duke of Normandy (blood-cousin of Edward) and Harold Godwinson (brother-in-law of Edward) who was a Saxon both wanted to inherit the throne. William asked the pope for help, and he said that the battle would be a crusade. They went to Hastings, England to meet. The Normans and British fought, and the result was that 10,000 died, including Harold who was shot in the eyeball. (There were other men who wanted the throne, but were not involved in this)

What Norman source shows the events of 1066?

The Bayeux Tapestry

Where was the centre of life in the Middle Ages?

The local lord's manor.

What percentage of the population were peasantry?

90%

Who used the Feudal system and why?

William the conqueror when he won the Battle of Hastings, to reward those who helped him

What is an indulgence?

Paying off the church for your sins to ensure you go to Heaven.

What were the names of the paintings used to explain to people what Hell and Heaven were?

Doom paintings

What was the Catholic Church's hierarchy? (7 levels)

God

Pope

Abbots and archbishops

Priors and bishops

Friars and priests

Monks and nuns

Ordinary people

What percentage of their earnings did peasants pay to the church every year?

10%

What was the peasantry-church tax called?

Tithes

What did a failure of paying taxes result in?

The wrongdoer's soul would be condemned to Hell.

You would need to be ___________ to go to Heaven

Baptised (You had to pay for these)

What type of land would you have to be buried on for your soul to go to Heaven?

Holy land

Who is the head of the Catholic Church?

The pope

Most important position in the church in Medieval England?

Archbishop of Canterbury

What role did Thomas Beckett have and why?

Archbishop of Canterbury, because Henry II wanted a way to be involved with church punishments, punishments he thought of to be too soft.

Where did the Black Death originate?

China, Asia

What are the three types of black plague?

Bubonic, Pneumonic, Septicemic. Bubonic and Pneumonic had a chance of survival. Septicemic was less common and almost impossible to survive.

Describe B plague

When the bloodstream of a rat was infected, an uninfected rat would bite it and become infected. This infected flea would bite an uninfected human and that human would get the bubonic plague.

Describe P plague

When someone with the plague coughed or sneezed, the germs emitted from this would be breathed in by another and that person would get pneumonic plague.

Describe S plague

Occurs when plague bacteria multiply in the blood. It can be a complication of pneumonic or bubonic or it can occur by itself.

Dates of the Black Death?

1346-1353

How was the Black Plague spread?

Travel and trade routes, especially the Silk Road.

What were the Flagellants?

Religious people who believed God was using the Black Death as a punishment. They punished themselves while singing hymns so God would forgive them and take the plague away.

What did people believe were the cause of the Black Death and how did they try to avoid this?

They thought that bad smells were the reason, so they would carry around flowers and herbs.

What is the Magna Carta?

An English document that prevented the royals from abusing and exploiting their power, a collection of laws written for a fairer nation.

When was the Magna Carta written?

June 1215

The four men who wanted to be king in Edward the Confessor's passing

William of Normandy (blood cousin)

Harold Godwinson (brother in law)

Tostig Godwinson (Harold's brother)

Harald Fairhair (King of Norway)

Main religion in Medieval Europe?

Christianity

How did people with the Black Death believe they could rid themself of their infected blood?

They thought that if they cut themselves and bled, the plague would leave them.

Symptoms of bubonic plague

Buboes (dark boils), blisters, headaches, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, fever, delirium

Symptoms of pneumonic plague

Affected the lungs, fierce coughing, chest pains, sneezing fits, bloody phlegm

Symptoms of septicemic plague

Affected blood stream, excruciating pain, choked on blood

What would have to happen to someone for them to survive the plague?

The buboes would have to burst naturally, releasing black pus.

Hue and cry

A process in which bystanders would have to call out a criminal and chase them. Not doing so was considered illegal

Punishment for women's gossip

The scold's bridle

Punishment for not working hard enough

Flogged (whipped)

Punishment for cheating

Put in the pillory/stocks

Punishment for excessive public drunkness

Put in the pillory/stocks

Punishment for theft

1. Fines

2. More work load

3. Left hand cut off

4. Right hand cut off

5. Killed

Punishment for murder (male)

Hanging / beheading. Beheading was for the nobles and hanging for the lower-class as beheading was more swift and painless

Punishment for murder (female)

Burned alive

Punishment for high treason

Hung, drawn and quartered

Punishment for heresy (speaking out against the Church)

Banished if the person was merely non-Christian, burned at the stake if actively against Christianity

Punishment for witchcraft

Burnt at the stake or hung. Burning "purified" them

Punishment for murder (bishop)

Fined

Punishment for baker producing a faulty loaf

Baker would be dragged around town on a sled with fault loaf tied around their neck.

Punishment for poisoning another

Boiled alive in olive oil

Punishment for illegal hunting in the king's forests?

Ears cut off

Four main types of trial?

Compurgation, combat, ordeal, jury

Trial by compurgation

12 people would recite an oath to claim the accused's innocence. Any mistakes meant the accused was guilty.

Trial by combat

An accused person had to fight to prove their innocence. God would reward the innocent person with victory.

Trial by ordeal

People asked God for a sign of innocence. For example, in an ordeal by water, the accused would be thrown into the water. If they floated, guilty. If they sank, innocent.

Trial by jury

A trial in which the issue is determined by a judge and jury, similar to modern day.

Effects of the plague

• 1/3 to 1/2 people died

• Animals died as there were not enough people to look after them

• Peasants could demand higher wages as they knew lords were desperate to get his harvest

• Fields went unploughed as there weren't enough men to look after them

• Villages became deserted

• More land for crops

• Churches closed down because hard to find new priests

• Inflation, for example, food prices went up because it was hard to obtain

• Food shortages became common because there were less workers

• Village populations greatly reduced

• Serfs could demand freedom

When was William the conqueror crowned king?

Christmas Day 1066

Symptoms of the Black Death by day (approx)

Day 1: Buboes appeared under the arms and in the groin

Day 2: Vomiting

Day 3: Patches appeared on the skin as a result of internal bleeding

Day 4: Muscular spasms

Day 5: If the victim was lucky, their buboes would burst and they would survive. Otherwise they would die which was more common.

Common actions taken to prevent the Plague?

• Smelling good smells

• Living in the sewers

• Eating crushed emeralds

• Letting leeches suck the infected blood out of you

• Cutting the blood out of you

• Tying shaved chickens / dried frogs to buboes

• Washing yourself with urine

• Rubbing a chopped snake over the buboes

• Drinking ground up unicorn horn with water

• Drinking drinks made of various spices

Which country implemented quarantine laws and as a result effectively eliminated the plague?

Croatia 💯💯

Most important position in Medieval England after the king?

King’s chancellor

When were the “Dark Ages”?

Controversially during the Middle Ages

What was the name of the area bishops would manage?

Diocese