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Structural Functionalism
a conceptual framework positing that each element of society serves a particular function to keep the entire system in equilibrium (part to whole)
Conflict Theory
Groups compete with each other
What are examples of conflict theories
Class conflict theory
Symbolic interaction is
Individuals view their reality through personal experiences
Levels of analysis and why for BIG 3
Structural Functionalism= Marco/mid cause look at community interactions with larger whole
Conflict theory= macro cause look at group interactions
Symbolic interactionism= micro cuz consider self
Analogies for BIG 3
Structural functionalism: organ parts in body
Conflict theory: one with the most toys win and they can change the rules so they keep winning
Meaning of being XX
What does sociological research involve?
investigate how human societies function using empirical evidence and scientific method
What does theoretical foundation involve?
Interpretative lens on scientific results
conflict theory and symbolic interactionism
What does reflectivity entail
Look inward about one's feelings
Reflexivity is to ______________________ as sociological research is to _________________________ as theoretical foundation is to _____________________________
sociological imagination
Personal vs private trouble in sociological imagination
Personal: impacts individual because of personal choices private trouble: impacts well-being and access to resources for a group of people
What is the sociological imagination?
Ability to connect personal issues with larger societal issues (cyclical relationship)
How to conduct sociological research
Select topic
Define problem
Review literature
Formulate hypothesis
Choose research methods
Collect data
Analyze data
Share the results
What is a theory
Used to interpret data
provide frameworks for interpreting findings
research helps generate theory -way of understanding social phenomena
Micro vs macro sociology
Micro= every day face to face behavior macro= large scale social phenomena
Queer Theory
Critiques heteronormativity by focusing on deviant labels summary= deconstruct any idea that reinforces a binary/fixed category and shows instability of sex classification
What does queer theory emphasize
Trans folk
Who was excluded from queer theory?
Trans people- cuz queer theory emerged from feminist and gay liberation movements
Intersectionality
Outline intersecting identities that compound to create unique experiences
Compulsory Heterosexuality
Imposes negative sanctions if you have same sex attachments
Who is more resistant to androgyny?
Conservative groups like Christian groups
Institutionalized normative heterosexuality says
Ideal of hetero is socially constructed
gender essentialism
Says gender is biologically founded and deviations are birth defects like extra chromosomes
Gender constructivism
Gender is socially constructed by culture and norms
What is identity?
Collective aspect of characters that make someone easily recognizable but fluid because of changing environments
What does it mean to identify
to associate closely with a person or group
3 levels of identity politics and formation
Micro= individual
Meso= community
Macro= society/ global
Micro identity
where you are most comfortable
highest level of personal autonomy here
changed by life events
Ways to express identity at micro level
Gender expression: like I portray myself as female
Meso identity
most common questions: who are you and where are you from => put label/categorize
Berry's model of acculturation includes
Assimilation separation integration marginalization
Integration
Maintain native identity and maintain other/host identity
Assimilation
Maintain value of other/host identity while losing native identity
Separation
Maintain native identity and reject other/host identity
Marginalization
Caught in between two cultures
Marginalization is to _____________________ as separation is to _____________________ as integration is to ______________________ as assimilation is to ________________________
Mix race ethnic enclaves salad bowl Melting pot
What is the purpose of labeling
Maintain social order and hierarchical power
Steps to labeling as an out group
Use dom. Standards as comparison (Control)
Use terms that separate subordinate from dominant
Use stereotypes (simple generalization)
Exoticizing and romanticizing => places outside labels (external locus of control)
Problem with structural inequality
Creates out group and justify exploitation of abuse
What are means of liberation
Groups use their own terms to define themselves
social location
All of person's traits overlap
Examples of socially constructed categories
Gender race class ableist ethnicity
Passing
Less entitled try to pass as more entitled
Identity politics
a tendency for people of a particular religion
3 modalities of identity politics
Some identities are political radicalizing
Awareness of being ignored by political movement
Specific identities address interlocking oppression
Essentialized Identities
People sharing essential features
What is sociology
Studies humans in groups
Levels of analysis in sociology
Self
Interaction
Socialization
Roles
Groups
Social inequality
Social institutions
Culture
Society
Theoretical vs empirical level analysis
Theoretical: analyze and make connections between empirical data
Inductive vs deductive research approaches
Deductive: top down
Scientific research methods
Find topic
Define problem
Review literature
Form hypothesis
Choose research method
Collect data
Analyze data
Discuss
Types of sociological research
Quantitative (survey
Which types of sociological research are empirical vs theoretical
All empirical except content analysis (theoretical)
gender performativism
Stylized repetition of act through time and communicates more than surface
Gender socialization
People assign genders based on reproductive parts
Exceptional gender expression
People act against what we would expect gender to be
Subconscious sex and determination of trans or cis
how your brain expects your body to be trans = differs from physical cis = agrees with physical
Intrinsic inclination model
You are intrinsically inclined to the behaviors that make up your gender
What did lesbian feminists believe vs gay liberationists
Lesbian fems: oppressed as women (don't agree)
gay liberationists: persecuted (don't fit into structure)
What is black feminist thought
Understand and critique sites of oppression using intersectionality
How is black feminist thought applicable in race
critique white supremacy and capitalism by being caring and valuing wisdom
Black feminist thought vs pedagogy
Pedagogy = way of teaching
What would essentialism say about performativism?
Essentialism says all people in one group act the same and have same experiences
what is the canon in sociology
8 founding fathers of sociology
what are the implications and problems that come with original canon in sociology?
original canon: white men = white men interests and analysis
ignores marginalized identities => emphasizes western ideals and hierarchies
essentialism and structural functionalism
structural functionalism is essentialist because it assumes that everyone with the same identity has the same role
what does structural functionalism prioritize?
stability
how are gender binaries enforced?
medical and legal terms provide stability
Out in the night documentary examples of stereotypes of gender performativism
O'Hare catcalls Patreese
Tuskegee Syphilis Study
studied progression of syphilis in African men if left untreated
600 men
Effects of Tuskegee syphilis study
families ruined
How does Institutional Review Board play a part in mediating informed consent?
ensure research studies adhere to ethical procedures like informed consent
External vs internal validity
External: how generalizable research is
Internal: cause and effect relationship w/o other variable
how does external validity contribute to larger conversation in discipline?
considers how canon can be applied to marginalized and intersectional identities
which experiment had low external validity
Milgram's Shock test
scientific method is used for
inductive reasoning
where do you see Hawthorne effect
experimements
What was the intention of queer theory and how can it be applied today?
Intention: deconstruct binaries regarding sexuality Application today: challenge heteronormative assumptions
How did queer theory unintentionally reinforce a heteronormative binary?
centralized heteronormativity as the norm and highlighted anyone besides this as not normal
what is knowledge validation
criteria we use to determine how reliable information is
Anita Hill vs Christine Ford hearing
Anita Hill: black woman
faced intense scrutiny and disbelief
more risk: had to "go against" black community and expected not to say anything bc she just a woman (lasting impact of women seen as property)
Christine Ford: white woman
still faced backlash but not as much as Anita Hill
3 ways people define themselves and the perceptions of others
personal
personal vs social vs collective
personal: self concept social: interactions with people collective: being with people
How does the hegemonic reinforce oppression with essentialist ideology?
normalize power structure and differences to perpetuate discrimination and exclusion
what is hegemony
dominance of one group over another
the matrix of domination is also known as
intersectionality
4 level of matrix of domination
structural
Hegemonic
Interpersonal
Disciplinary
structural level (MOD)
institutionalized power relations (like incarceration rates of black higher than white)
hegemonic level (MOD)
cultural ideologies that justify and maintain power structures
Interpersonal Level (MOD)
individual interactions and relationships that reflect and reproduce broader power dynamics (symbolic interactionism
Disciplinary level (MOD)
Norms and practices that regulate behavior and reinforce social hierarchies (ex: dress code for girls)
How does structural functionalism contribute to the culture of sex?
how should we think about asexuality?
not the lack of social desire but thinking about sex differently than "normal" ideas about sex
what does pleasure activism tell us
that we should be able to experience pleasure and thus a sense of power not only through sex but other things in life
what does Sylvia rivera say about rage?
you should be able to protest in any way
what is the goal of theory
to refine over time
Familial connections and sexuality in reading
AAPI: traditional gender roles
intersex youth and nonbinary youth in reading
intersex:
surgeries typically performed at birth to pick one identity (violation of autonomy)
later stages= people question gender
nonbinary youth: unable to receive gender affirming care bc of fear of being misunderstood
nonbinary vs trans
nonbinary = don't identify as boy or girl trans= identify with gender different than one assigned at birth
who does river say is allowed to fight for liberation vs who should be allowed to fight?
vouches for inclusion of transgender voices typically left out in LGBTQIA+ conversations
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