Grade 11 Biology Exam

Prokaryotes

Smaller in size, often unicellular, lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, reproduce asexually through binary fission. Example:Bacteria and archaea.

Eukaryotes

Larger in size, often multicellular, have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, undergo sexual reproduction, and divide by mitosis. Example:Protists, plants, fungi, and animals.

Carbohydrates

Provide short-term/long-term energy storage, build cell membranes, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (CH2O), e.g., glucose (C6H12O6), sucrose, starch.

Macromolecules

Larger organic assemblies providing energy, regulating cellular activities, and building tissues. Include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

Prezygotic vs Postzygotic

Mechanisms preventing interspecies mating and fertilization. Prezygotic includes ecological, temporal, and behavioral isolation. Postzygotic includes mechanical, gametic isolation, zygotic mortality, hybrid inviability, and hybrid infertility.

Genus and Species

Taxonomic classifications where genus includes closely related species and species are groups capable of interbreeding.

Gradualism vs Punctuated Equilibrium

Gradualism involves slow, steady evolution with transitional forms, while punctuated equilibrium shows rapid evolution in isolated populations with long periods of stasis.

Cellular Respiration vs Photosynthesis

Cellular respiration occurs in all organisms, releases energy, and uses glucose and oxygen. Photosynthesis occurs in phototrophs, produces food, and uses carbon dioxide, water, and light energy.

Meiosis I and II

Meiosis I involves homologous chromosomes pairing, while Meiosis II includes chromosome division. Both processes result in haploid cells.

Vestigial Structures

Features with reduced function through evolution, e.g., appendix, goosebumps, wisdom teeth.

Hardy-Weinberg

Conditions for genetic equilibrium include large population, random mating, no migration, no natural selection, and no mutations.

Arteries vs Veins

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, have thick walls, no valves, and carry oxygenated blood. Veins carry blood to the heart, have thin walls, valves, and carry deoxygenated blood.

Amino Acid Structure

Amino group (NH2) + Hydrogen (H) + Carboxyl Group (O-H-C=O) + “R” side chain + Hydroxyl (O-H)

Dehydration Synthesis

Chemical reaction involving the loss of a water molecule from reacting molecules to form larger compounds.

Hydrolysis

Addition of water to break down compounds into smaller units.

Micronutrients

Inorganic and organic substances aiding in tissue development, growth, and immunity.

Key Minerals

Essential minerals like Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Potassium, and Sodium with specific functions in the body.

Key Vitamins

Essential vitamins like A, B, C, D, and E with specific roles in bodily functions.

Water Functions

Transporting nutrients, regulating body temperature, and eliminating waste.

Alimentary Canal

Passage where food travels through the digestive system.

Accessory Organs

Organs aiding in digestion but not part of the alimentary canal.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts like amylase, lipase, pepsin, etc., aiding in digestion at specific locations.

Energy Requirements

Vary based on factors like age, gender, occupation, and climate.

Digestive System Pathway

Sequence of organs involved in digestion from mouth to anus.

Peristalsis

Wave-like muscular contractions aiding in food movement through the digestive tract.

Digestive System Disorders

Various conditions like peptic ulcers, hepatitis, cirrhosis, etc., affecting the digestive system.

Elastic Connective Tissue

Tissue that keeps bronchioles and alveoli together, providing support and flexibility for breathing.

Simple Facilitated Diffusion

Process where oxygen is transported across the alveolar membrane with the help of protein-based molecules in the alveolar cell wall.

Lobes

Sections into which each lung is divided, accommodating space for the heart (3 on the right, 2 on the left).

Pleura

Double-layered membranes protecting and lubricating the lungs; inflammation can lead to pleurisy.

Diaphragm

Strong muscle wall separating the chest and abdominal cavities, crucial for breathing.

Intercostal Muscles

Muscles between the ribs involved in controlling air pressure in the lungs.

Spirometry

Method to measure lung volumes and capacities, aiding in diagnosing respiratory conditions.

Control of Breathing

Involves the medulla oblongata, chemoreceptors, and stretch receptors to regulate breathing rate.

Autonomic Nervous System

Includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions controlling involuntary bodily functions.

Gas Exchange

Process where CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ions in the blood, essential for respiration.

Respiratory Diseases

Various conditions like asthma, hypoxia, bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema, laryngitis, and chronic bronchitis affecting the respiratory system.

Angina

Temporary chest pain or tightness caused by a shortage of oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscle, often triggered by extra demands on the heart.

Women

Gender most at risk for heart attacks, especially those who smoke, have diabetes, or are in menopause.

Heart Murmur

Caused by the improper closing of a heart valve, leading to backflow of blood; may require valve replacement surgery if life-threatening.

ECG

Electrocardiogram measures the heart's electrical activity, aiding in diagnosing heart disease and monitoring medication effectiveness.

Heart's Electric Conductivity

Sinoatrial node (SA node) in the right atrium, Atrioventricular node (AV node) between atria and ventricles, AV Bundle in ventricles, Purkinje fibers in ventricles.

Medulla Oblongata

Triggers responses to high CO2 levels, releasing Noradrenaline for 'fight or flight' reactions.

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic

Sympathetic stimulates heart rate with Noradrenaline for stress responses, while Parasympathetic slows heart rate with Acetylcholine.

Blood Components

Plasma (fluid), Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets (solid portion), each with specific functions.

Sickle Cell Anemia

Genetic disease causing abnormal, rigid red blood cells, leading to oxygen delivery issues and various complications.

Leukemia

Uncontrolled WBC reproduction resulting in non-functioning cells, treated with chemotherapy.

Haemophilia

Inherited blood clotting disorder, leading to prolonged bleeding and bruising.

Blood Types

A, B, AB, O, with O being the universal donor and AB the universal recipient.

Antigen vs Antibody

Antigen induces immune response, while Antibody identifies and destroys antigens.

Blood Mixing

Wrong blood mixing can lead to transfusion reactions causing organ damage.

Rh Factor

Rh positive carries Rh protein, while Rh negative lacks it; Rh negative mom with Rh positive baby risks anti-Rh antibodies affecting fetal RBCs.

Atherosclerosis

Buildup of fats in artery walls leading to plaque formation, narrowing arteries and causing blood flow blockages.

Cardiac Output

Calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate, determining the amount of blood pumped by the heart.