ps337 exam 2

neural map

group of neurons that represent a particular type of information

topographic map

a neural map in which neighboring cells in a neural map encode “similar” physical stimuli

ex. neighboring columns in visual cortex encode similar line orientations

how is the cerebral cortex organized

three main regions: primary (sensory and motor areas), secondary (higher order, unimodal association), and association areas (most complex)

hippocampus vs striatum in place strategy

in 7 days or less, rats will use hippocampal place strategy

14 or more days, memory converts from episodic to motor, becomes overlearned and rats use striatal response strategy

win-stay task

stimulus response task, animal sees 4 lights, each has food, can go to one and stay, next trial 4 arms have lgihts to act as a cue to let animal respond

win shift

stimulus-stimulus task

animal has to go to an arm to get food and then remember which arm it was so next trial it moves to neighboring arm for food

conditioned cue preference

stimulus-food-reinforced

single arm with light for food, animal will eventually associate light with reward

what part of brain is used in win shift

hippocampus

what part of brain used in win stay

striatum

what part of brain used for CCP task

amygdala

what receptor is used in basal ganglia’s direct pathway

d1 receptors increase excitation of motor cortices

what receptor is used for basal ganglia indirect pathway

d2 receptors which cause increased excitation

what does the indirect pathway of basal ganglia do

counteracts movements to fine tune them

what does the direct pathway for the basal ganglia do

helps promote movements

what is active in early stages of learning

prefrontal cortex, thinking on how to move something

what is active after initial stages of learning motor memory

motor cortex and cerebellum

what happens when you learn one motor task after another

performance on the first task is impaired the next day

what is the consolidation window for motor memory

4 hours, allows for no impairment learning multiple tasks

what happens when you inhibit cerebellum in the dark

causes interruption of hippocampal activity, place cells are rate remapped

what happens when you stimulate the lateral hypothalamus

heightened responsiveness to stimuli, activated movement patterns and consumption including feeding and drinking

what happens when the lateral hypothalamus is ablated

suppresses feeding and drinking, decreased goal-directed drive

what is a common disorder of the basal ganglia and which receptors are affected

parkinson’s disease, d2 receptors

what are the three core aspects of working memory

phonological loop, episodic buffer, and visuospatial sketch pad

who believed in segregation of pfc function

Goldman-Rakic and Petrides

who believed in integration of pfc function

Earl Miller

what did Goldman-Rakic believe the dorsolateral PFC did

where a stimulus is in working memory

what did Goldman-Rakic beleive the ventrolateral pfc did

what a stimulus is in working memory

what did earl miller believe about the function of the pfc

dorsal and ventrolateral pfc can hold multiple types of information simultaneously

what did Petride’s believe the dorsolateral pfc did

important for manipulation

what did Petrides believe the ventrolateral pfc did

important for monitoring

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

delusions, hallucinations

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

absence of normally present trait

-blunted affect

-social withdrawl

RDOC negative valence

sustained threat, loss, acute threat

RDOC positive valence

approach motivation, responsiveness to reward, habit

RDOC cognitive

attention, perception, declarative memory, working memory

RDOC social

affliation and attachment, social communication, perception of the self

RDOC arousal and regulation

arousal, circadian rhythms, sleep and wakefulness

different between DSM and RDOC

DSM diagnoses based on behavior, RDOC based on neural activity

what is a typical antipsychotic, what does it treat, and side effect

thorazine, positive symptoms, many motor side effects

what is an atypical antipsychotic, what does it treat

clozapine, positive and negative symptoms, less motor side effects

what are the two hypothesis for schizophrenia

too much dopamine and too little glutamate

what dopamine receptors are affected by schizophrenia

D2 receptors are blocked by antipsychotics

what is the most commonly prescribed typical antipsychotic

haloperidol

what makes up the striatum

the caudate and putamen

what is characteristic of people with increased risk for schizophrenia

excessive pruning of excitatory synapses and reduced inner neural activity

what are the three parts of the cerebellum and what do they do

spino, muscle tone and coordination

cerebro- motor planning

vistibulo- balance and posture