AP Biology Exam Review

Every flashcard for the AP Biology exam

polymer

many monomers

ionic bond

formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

dehydration synthesis

molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule

hydrolysis

breakdown of a compound by adding water

element

cant be broken down

compound

two or more elements

electronegativity

attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

nonpolar covalent

equal sharing of electrons

polar covalent

unequal sharing of electrons

polar

part negative part positive

hydrogen bond

attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom

covalent bond

bond that shares a pair of electrons from atom to atom

cohesion

attraction between molecules of the same substance

adhesion

attraction between molecules of different substances

hydrophobic

water hating

hydrophilic

water loving

H2O polarity

H positive O negative

monomer

subunit for polymers

van der waals

Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that results from changing charges

solvent

dissolving agent of a solution

solution

two or more substances

solute

dissolved by solvent

hydronium

H+

hydroxide

OH-

acid

substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution

pH scale

high number high OH-, low number high H+

nucleotide

five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

nucleic acid

DNA and RNA

amino acids

monomers of proteins

polypeptide

chain of amino acids

lipids

nonpolar fats and oils, store energy and build cell membrane

phospholipids

hydrophobic head, hydrophilic tail

isomer

compounds with the same formula but different structures

DNA

directions for its own replecation, stores genetic info, deoxyribose sugar, antiparallel, ATCG, double strand

RNA

messenger to create proteins, ribose sugar, AUCG, single strand

monosaccharides

monomer of carbs

dipeptide

two amino acids bonded together

peptide bond

covalent bond formed between amino acids

levels of protein structure

primary, secondary (alpha helix, beta sheet), tertiary, quaternary

hydroxyl

carboxyl

amino

phosphate

sulfhydryl

methyl

carbohydrates

energy and structure

proteins

structure, enzymes, cell communication, movement

buffer

solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution

eukaryotes

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, DNA in nucleus

prokaryotes

Single celled organisms that do not contain nuclei and instead store DNA in the nucleoid, no membrane-bound organelles

plasma membrane

selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cell, "fluid mosaic" made of phospholipids, macromolecules, and proteins

cell wall

made up of carbs, surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms

cytoplasm

jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

cytosol

fluid portion of cytoplasm

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis, either found in the cytoplasm or on the rough ER, not membrane bound, made of rRNA and proteins

rough ER

membrane tubes studded with ribosomes; proteins are synthesized and packaged for possible export to the golgi

smooth ER

membrane tubes with no ribosomes; detoxifies cell, stores calcium ions, and is involved in lipid synthesis

golgi complex

flattened membrane-bound sacs, receives and modifies proteins, preparing them for possible export out of the cell

mitochondria

double-membraned organelle, site of cellular respiration, or ATP energy production

lysosomes

membraneous sac of hydrolytic enzymes used to digest macromolecules or break them down to reusable materials (monomers), acidic pH

vacuoles

membrane bound sac with a variety of uses; can store water/macromolecules, release waste, etc

chloroplasts

plant cells, a double membraned organelle that is the site of photosynthesis

nuclear envelope

double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

nuclear pores

channels in the nuclear envelope that allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus, connecting layers of the double membrane

nucleoid

dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell

nucleoli

dense masses of RNA and protein that manufacture ribosomes, lots located in the nucleus

food vacuoles

fuses with lysosomes, uses enzymes to digest food

contractile vacuoles

works to pump excess water out of a cell

central vacuoles (plants)

formed by the merging of smaller vacuoles, play a major role in plant growth, store inorganic ions

hydrolytic enzymes

found in lysosomes that speed up/aid in the breakdown of chemical bonds through hydrolysis

cilia

locomotor appendages that are short and numerous, can move fluid and receive signals

flagella

locomotor appendages that are long and whip-like, move like a fish tale, not many

plasmodesmata

channels through plant cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

lumen

the space inside of an organelle, the space in the rough ER

secretory proteins

destined for release from the cell

peripheral proteins

loosely bound to the membrane surface or attached to an integral protein

intergral proteins

penetrate the lipid bilayer, usually spans the entire membrane

thylakoid

folded membrane compartments in stacks called grana, light dependent photosyntheisis reactions

stroma

fluid between inner chloroplast membrane and outer thylakoids, carbon fixation reactions

microvilli

projections that increase the cells surface area

microtubules

hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells

cytoskeletons

network whos components are made of proteins that holds the cell together, helps to keep its shape, aids in movement

centrosome

region where the cells microtubules are initiated

chromatin

material consisting of DNA and proteins, visible as chromosomes in dividing cells

endoplasmic reticulum

network of membrane tubes in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

osmosis

diffusion specifically for water, going from less concentrated solution to more for equilibrium

isotoic

free water = solution, flacid

hypotonic

free water > solution, low concentration moves to high, turgid

hypertonic

free water < solution, high concentration moves to low, plasmolysis

fluid mosaic model

proteins bobbing in a fluid lipid bilayer of phospholipids, held together by hydrophobic interactions

aquaporins

channel proteins to help water get through plasma membrane

diffusion

movement of molecules from high to low concentration, small nonpolar molecules

concentration gradient

region along which the density of a substance increases/decreases

passive transport

moving down concentration gradient, doesnt require energy

facilitated diffusion

high to low concentration with transport proteins, hydrophilic and charged ions

active transport

requires energy to move molecule up concentration gradient

membrane potential

voltage across a membrane

endocytosis

vesicle forms and transports macromolecules into cell (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis)

exocytosis

vesicle transports macromolecules out of plasma membrane

cholesterol

steroid, randomly wedged between phospholipids, regulates bilayer fluidity