Cognitive Study Guide Flashcards

Flashcards based on the Fourth Mid-Quarter Cognitive Study Guide to aid in exam preparation.

What are the age, pulse, and respiratory ranges for an infant?

(1 month - 1 year) Pulse:100-160; Respiratory Rate: 30-60

What are the age, pulse, and respiratory ranges for a toddler?

(1-3 years) Pulse: 2-10 years: 90-150; Respiratory Rate: 20-40

What are the age, pulse, and respiratory ranges for a preschool-age child ?

(3-6 years) Pulse: 60-140; Respiratory Rate: 22-34

What are the age, pulse, and respiratory ranges for a school-age child (6-12 years)?

Pulse: Up to 10 years: 60-140, >10 years: 60-100; Respiratory Rate: 18-30

What is the Pediatric Assessment Triangle and what is it comprised of?

It allows you to rapidly (<30 sec) form a general impression of the child’s condition without touching the child. It is comprised of appearance, work of breathing, and circulation.

Where should you start your assessment on an infant?

Begin by observing from a distance, preferably in a parent’s arms.

Where should you start your assessment on a toddler?

Begin at the feet or far away from the location of pain.

Where should you start your assessment on a pre-school aged child?

Begin with the feet and move toward the head.

Where should you start your assessment on a school-age child?

Begin at the head and move toward the feet, similar to assessing an adult.

List three differences between a pediatric airway and an adult airway.

1. Children have a larger, rounder occiput requiring more careful positioning. 2. Children have a proportionately larger tongue that can easily block the airway. 3. Children have a less-developed rings of cartilage in the trachea that may easily collapse if the neck is flexed or hyperextended.

What is a consideration to keep in mind regarding pediatric airways and pulse checks?

Infants have a trachea with the diameter of a drinking straw, so it’s easily obstructed. Infants are nose breathers so nasal passage obstruction is dangerous, and we take brachial pulse instead of carotid because their necks are small.

How does a child’s upper airway differ from their lower airway?

Children have a narrowing funnel-shaped (wide to narrow) upper airway compared to that of a cylinder-shaped (same width) lower airway.

Why are breath sounds more easily heard in children?

Because of thinner chest walls.

What is Gastric Distention and why is it dangerous?

Pediatric patients (esp those w/ a traumatic injury) tend to swallow air, which can cause distention in the stomach and increase the risk of vomiting. Air can also accumulate in the stomach w/ artificial ventilation, pushing on the diaphragm and making it harder to ventilate adequately = hypoventilation.

What is Cardiomyopathy?

In pediatric cardiac emergencies, cardiomyopathy can manifest in various ways, including cyanotic episodes, congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and arrhythmias. It can be due to genetic abnormalities or acquired conditions like myocarditis.

What is Pedal Edema?

Pedal edema is swelling in the feet and ankles, can be a sign of various underlying conditions in pediatric emergencies.

What is Asthma?

Bronchioles become inflamed, swell, and produce excessive mucus = difficulty breathing.

What is Epiglottitis?

An infection of the soft tissue in the area above the vocal cords (usually bacterial). Usually develops suddenly, kids look very sick, high-fever, dyspnea, muffled voice, have a very sore throat, tripod position and drooling.

What is Croup?

Infection of the airway below the level of the vocal cords, usually caused by a virus. Hallmark signs of croup are stridor and a seal-bark cough = narrowing of the air passage of the trachea that may progress to significant obstruction. Don’t give bronchodilators!

(also low-grade fever, hoarseness, symptoms worse at night)

What is Meningitis?

An inflammation of the meninges caused by an infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. If left untreated, can lead to permanent brain damage or death. Highly contagious, PPE! S/S vary depending on age, but fever and altered LOC are common. Children may have stiff neck.

fever, vomiting, bulging fontaeles, seizures)

What does the pediatric brain require more of?

A higher amount of cerebral blood flow, O2, and glucose (glucose stores are limited in the pediatric pt).

What are the components of the Pediatric Assessment Triangle?

Appearance, Work of Breathing, and Circulation.

What do all the letters stand for in XABCDE?

X: Exsanguination, A: Airway, B: Breathing, C: Circulation, D: Disability, E: Exposure

How much O2 does a NRB at 10-15 L/min deliver to a patient?

Up to 95% O2 to the pediatric patient, and allows the pt to exhale all CO2 w/out rebreathing it

Where does fertilization occur?

In the fallopian tube

What carries blood from the placenta to the fetus?

Umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the heart of the fetus

What changes does a woman’s body go through during pregnancy in regard to their circulatory system and blood volume?

Overall blood volume gradually increases (up to 50% by the end of pregnancy); the number of RBCs increases; blood clotting factors change; heart rate increases up to 20%; cardiac output is significantly increased

What is considered full term?

39-40 weeks, 6 days and approximately 7 lbs

What is considered premature?

Delivers before 8 months (36 wks) or weighs less than 5 lbs

What are the characteristics of the 3 stages of labor?

1st: Dilation of the cervix (10cm); 2nd: Delivery of the fetus; 3rd: Delivery of the placenta

How can you minimize perineal tearing?

By applying gently pressure across the perineum w/ a sterile gauze pad.

Mild dehydration

normal pulse, normal-slow activity, dry mouth, thirst,

moderate dehydration

decreased urine output, cool/multted/poor turgor skin, slowed activity, increased pulse, altered LOC, sunken fontanelle

Severe dehydration

increased (>160) pulse, activity is weak/unresponsive, dry mouth, shows signs of shock (cool/clammy), sunken eyes, very sunken, lethargic, normal to low.

What are the side effects of Epi?

Tachycardia/Excitability, chest pain/headache, dizziness/Pallor, nausea/vomiting

WHat is the dos of Epi for kids?

Older than 4 will be 0.3, younger will be half of that(0.15)

What are the side effects of meter-dose inhalers? (16)

Hyperglycemia, Anxiety, vomiting, hypertension, paradoxical bronchospasm, hypokalemia, tremors, dry mouth, dyspepsia, palpitations, throat irritation, nausea, epistaxis, insomnia, headache, sinus tachycardia

What is the dose for inaheler

Whatever is on the bottle- usually 2 puffs

What are the 12 questions you can ask a pregnant women?

• Have you seen a doctor recently? (what is the position of your baby)

• Is this your first baby?

• How many babies have you had in the past (were there any known complications?)

• When is your baby due?

• Are you taking prenatal vitamins?

• Are you having any contractions? (How far apart are the contractions)

• When did the contractions begin

• Has your water broke (what color war it?)

• Are you expecting complications during delivery

• Do you feel the need to push or have any bowel movements?

• Have you taken drugs or alcohol routinely?