Genomes and Evolution

Anatomical homology

structural similarities in the body parts of different species that result from inheritance from a common ancestor

pseudoscience

a belief or practice mistakenly regarded as scientific

polygenism

belief that existing human races have evolved from two or more distinct ancestral types

monogenism

theory that the human race comes from a single original pair or ancestral type

prokaryote

single celled and no nucleus

eukaryote

multi cell and nucleus

scientific method

1. observation/research

2. research question

3. research hypothesis

4. brainstorm ways to test

5. prediction

6. test prediction

antibiotic resistance

occurs when bacteria develop the ability to withstand the effects of antibiotics, making it difficult or impossible to treat infections

bacterial growth curve phases

lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, death phase

natural selection

1. overpopulation

2. traits vary

3. traits are heritable

4. competition=limited resources

5. some traits survive better than others

darwins theory

all living things came from common ancestors through a process where individuals with advantageous, heritable traits in a particular environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

wallace’s theory

the theory of evolution by natural selection, which states that species evolve over time through a process where individuals with variations that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to their offspring

transitional forms

organisms having characteristics of both ancestral and descendent groups

speciation events

one species splits into more new species, leading to new lineages

particulate inheritance 

genetic traits are inherited as discrete genes, which are passed from parents to offspring

convergent evolution

natural selection is not random

evo-devo

evolution + development

inductive reasoning

used in discovery science

deductive reasoning

used in hypothesis-based science

common garden experiment

variation of different species put under the same living conditions

reciprocal transplant experiment

used to test whether populations of a species have adapted to their local environments

phenotype

observable characteristics

genotype

set of genes that it carries

Dominant

B

Recessive

b

BB

Bb =homozygous

Bb=heterozygous

sickle cell anemia

a trait exhibited by people who are homozygous for a mutant version of a hemoglobin gene

discrete traits

monogenetic

quantitative traits

polygenetic

electronegativity

how strong an atom attracts electrons into a chemical bond

gene

segments of DNA that give your cells instructions for specific traits or body functions

allele

two or more forms of a gene

homozygous

individual with 2 identical alleles for a given gene or trait

heterozygous

individual with 2 different alleles for a given gene or trait

dominance

describes how an allele masks the effect of another allele for the same trait in a heterozygous individual

co-dominance

inheritance pattern where 2 different alleles are expressed equally in an individuals phenotype, both traits being visible without blending together

incomplete dominance

inheritance pattern where neither of two alleles for a trait is completely dominant over the other, resulting in a blended or intermediate phenotype in the heterozygous offspring

covalent bond

a chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms, allowing them to achieve a stable electron configuration

when does a hydrogen bond form?

when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

polar covalent bonds

electrons are shared unevenly

non-polar covalent bonds

electrons are shared evenly

ionic bonds

when 2 atoms complete their outer shells by the exchange of electrons

4 things that make up all living things

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

macromoleucles

large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

enzymes

biocatalysts, mostly proteins, that significantly speed up specific chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process

primary structure

unique sequence of amino acids

secondary structure

mostly found in proteins, made up of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain

tertiary structure

unique 3-dimensional shape determined by interactions among various side chains

quaternary structure

results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains

denaturation

when a protein unravels

polypeptide

polymers built from a set of monomers