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Bronislaw Malinowski
lived with native islanders - observed that peoples culture wasn't savage - participant observation (1942)
participant-observation
the technique of learning a peoples culture through social participation
cultural diversity
satisfies the specific biological and psychological needs of its people
Cultural Relativism
the view that while cultures differ, they are not better or worse than one another
Biological Anthropology
aka physical anthropology; the systematic study of humans as biological organisms
Linguistic Anthropology
the study of human languages by looking at their structure, history, and relation to social and cultural context
Archaeology
the study of cultures through the recovery and analysis of material remains and environmental data
Prehistoric archaeologists
recover and analyze these materials to reconstruct the lifeways of past societies that lacked writing
Cultural Anthropology
the study of patterns of human behavior, thought, and emotions
Applied Anthropology
the use of anthropological knowledge to solve issues with human health
Medical anthropology
the use of anthropological knowledge to solve issues with human health
Fieldwork
the term anthropologists use for on-location research
Ethnography
the in-depth study of the everyday practices and lives of a people
Holistic perspective/ holism
a fundamental principal of anthropology. Humans must be viewed in the broadest possible context. Holistic -> fields -> genres
Forced assimilation
process in which a minority group[ or culture is forced by a dominant group to resemble the dominant groups values and behaviors
Carlisle Indian Industrial School
Organized in Pennsylvania to assimilate Indians into the white culture; changed their clothes, hair, language, taught them academics as well as a skill
Stories
teaching moral lessons to children -> indoctrination into society
Legend
stories about a memorable event or figure handed down by tradition. is told as true without actual historical evidence (king arthur)
Tale
fiction for entertainment but may also draw a moral to teach a practical lesson
Epic
a long dramatic narrative recounting celebrates deeds of a historic or legendary hero often sung or recited in a poetic language
THE other
used to describe people whos customs, beliefs, or behaviors are 'different' from ones own (negative stereotypes)
Armchair anthropology
early + undiscredited method of anthropological research that did not involve direct contact with the people studied
Colonialism
dominant society politically claims and controls a foreign territory primarily for settling and exploitative purposes
Unilinear evolution
An idea that there is a set sequence of stages that all groups will pass through at some point, although the pace of progress through these stages will vary greatly
Multilinear evolution
No such thing as point a to b evolution, cultures evolve exactly how they should, and no culture is better or worse than another culture
Kinship
blood ties, common ancestry, and social relationships that form families within human groups
Margaret Mead
one of the most well known female American cultural anthropologists famous for writing coming of age in Samoa
Infrastructure
Economic foundation of a society, including its sustenance practices and the tools and other materials equipment used to make a living
Social Structure
the rule governed with all their rights and obligations that hold members of a society together
Superstructure
a societies shared sense of identity and worldview. the collective body of ideas, beliefs, and values by which members of a society makes se3nse of the world.
Subculture
a distinctive set of ideas, values, and behavior patterns by which a group within a larger society operates, while still sharing common standards with that larger society
Noble Savage
an inaccurate way of portraying indigenous groups or minority cultures as child-like or portraying them as not easy to conquer to boost the conquerors ego
Undocumented
the preferred term for immigrants who live in a country without formal authorization from the state
Diaspora
the scattering of a group of people who have left their original homeland and now live in various locations
Qualitative
anthropological research designed to gain an in depth contextualized understanding of human behavior
Quantitative
relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of something rather than its quality.
Hunter Gatherer
People who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive *
food foraging
(hunting and gathering) instead of manipulating environment, you rely on the wildlife around you (plant/animal resources)
Hudson Meng Bison Kill Bone Bed
example of cooperative hunting, multiple groups hunted in the same area
Pastoralism
is a subsistence system in which people raise herds of domesticated livestock. produced more product than just meat (butter/milk)
Built environment:
part of the physical landscape that represents material culture; the landscape created by humans
Neolithic revolution
The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle.
Agriculture
farming
Carrying capacity
a measurement of the number of calories that can be extracted from a particular unit of land in order to support a human population
Foodways
the cultural norms and attitudes surrounding food and eating - assigning taboos to certain types of foods (insects)
staple crops:
foods that form the backbone of the subsistence system by providing the majority of the calories a society consumes.
Subsistence system
set of practices used by members of a society to acquire food
World Systems
a complex web through which goods circulate around the globe
