Unit 3 CPUSH Exam

What was Progressivism?

The Progressive movement was a turn-of-the-century political movement interested in furthering social and political reform, curbing political corruption caused by political machines, and limiting the political influence of large corporations

Similarities of the progressive and glided age

1. Economic Growth and Industrialization:

   • Both periods saw rapid industrial growth and an expansion of capitalism. During the Gilded Age (roughly 1870s–1900), there was massive industrialization, with companies like Standard Oil, Carnegie Steel, and railroads dominating the economy.

   • Similarly, during the Progressive Era (1890s–1920), industrialization continued, though the focus shifted toward addressing the consequences of that growth, such as labor rights, monopolies, and corruption.

2. Urbanization:

   • Both periods experienced significant urbanization as people flocked to cities for work in factories and other industrial jobs. The Gilded Age saw this urban growth, and the Progressive Era sought to address the challenges that came with it, such as poverty, crime, and poor living conditions.

3. Social Inequality:

   • The Gilded Age was marked by extreme wealth disparity, with a small elite amassing great fortunes while many Americans lived in poverty. The Progressive Era emerged partly as a response to this inequality, aiming to improve conditions for working-class Americans, though it often focused more on reforms that benefited middle-class society.

Differences of the progressive and gilded age

1. Focus of Reform:

   • Gilded Age: Characterized by laissez-faire capitalism, with minimal government intervention. The focus was on economic expansion, often at the expense of labor and consumer protections. The period saw corruption in politics, with powerful business interests influencing policy.

   • Progressive Era: Marked by significant efforts to regulate and reform both business practices and government. Progressives sought to curb the excesses of capitalism by implementing laws aimed at improving working conditions, breaking up monopolies, and making the government more responsive to the people (e.g., through direct elections and women's suffrage).

2. Government Role:

   • Gilded Age: The government generally favored big business, with little regulation or oversight of industrial practices. This period saw the rise of "robber barons," wealthy industrialists who often exploited workers and manipulated politics to further their interests.

   • Progressive Era: The government took a more active role in regulating business and addressing social problems. Progressive leaders, such as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, championed antitrust laws, labor reforms, and environmental protection laws, marking a shift toward a more interventionist government.

3. Social Issues and Reforms:

   • Gilded Age: While there were some efforts to address social issues, such as the labor movement pushing for better working conditions, the period is more defined by its lack of effective social reforms. The focus was more on wealth accumulation than on addressing the needs of the working class.

   • Progressive Era: The period saw the rise of social reforms aimed at improving living conditions for the poor, expanding civil rights (e.g., women's suffrage), promoting public health, and advocating for labor rights. Progressives sought to tackle issues like child labor, poor working conditions, and political corruption.

What are the progressive amendments and their impact

i.            XVI (16)-gave Congress the power to collect income taxes from any source without having to apportion taxes based on state population 1913 

Impact- Congress would not have the power to levy income taxes on individuals and corporations. 

ii.            XVII (17)-The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.

The 17th Amendment, passed in 1913, changed the way U.S. senators were elected. Before the amendment, senators were chosen by state legislatures, but the amendment made it so that citizens would directly elect their senators. Here's the impact in simple terms:

1. More Power to the People: Instead of state politicians picking senators, regular voters could now choose them, making senators more accountable to the people.

2. Less Corruption: Before, some state legislatures were corrupt, with political machines and bribes influencing who got elected. The amendment helped reduce this by letting people vote directly.

3. Stronger Democracy: By allowing citizens to vote for their senators, the amendment made the political system more democratic and gave ordinary people a bigger voice in government.

4. Weaker State Power: Originally, senators were supposed to represent state governments, but after the amendment, they started representing the people of their state more directly, which weakened the role of state governments in federal decisions.

In short, the 17th Amendment gave people more control over who represents them in the Senate and helped clean up some of the corruption in the process

 iii.            XVIII (18)

The 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1919, prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. This period is known as Prohibition. Here’s an overview of the amendment and its impact:

What was the 18th Amendment?

The amendment stated that:

• The manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors were banned.

• However, it allowed for certain exceptions, such as alcohol for religious ceremonies or medicinal purposes.

Impact of the 18th Amendment:

1. Rise of Illegal Alcohol Trade (Bootlegging):

   • Prohibition didn't stop people from wanting alcohol. Instead, it led to the rise of illegal alcohol production and distribution, known as bootlegging. Criminal organizations and gangs, such as the infamous Chicago Outfit led by Al Capone, made huge profits by smuggling and selling alcohol.

2. Increase in Organized Crime:

   • The illegal alcohol trade created a massive underground market. Gangs became more powerful, and crime rates surged as they fought to control the alcohol trade. This period saw a rise in organized crime and violence related to bootlegging.

3. Loss of Tax Revenue:

   • The government lost a significant amount of tax revenue from alcohol sales, which had previously been an important source of income. This loss hurt the economy, especially during the Great Depression when the need for government funds became even more critical.

4. Negative Social Effects:

   • Prohibition didn't eliminate alcohol consumption. In fact, it sometimes made drinking more dangerous because people turned to unsafe, unregulated alcohol (known as bathtub gin or other homemade concoctions), which led to health issues and even death.

5. Public Disillusionment:

   • Many Americans became disillusioned with Prohibition. It was hard to enforce the law, and public support for it declined. People viewed it as an infringement on personal freedoms and a law that couldn't be effectively enforced.

6. Economic Impact on the Alcohol Industry:

   • The alcohol industry, including breweries, distilleries, and bars, was devastated. Many businesses went bankrupt, and thousands of workers lost their jobs.

7. Repeal of the 18th Amendment (21st Amendment):

   • Prohibition eventually led to such widespread problems and public discontent that it was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933. This made the production and sale of alcohol legal again, marking the end of Prohibition.

In Summary:

The 18th Amendment tried to ban alcohol to reduce social problems like drunkenness and crime, but it led to unintended consequences. It fueled organized crime, created unsafe drinking habits, and hurt the economy. Public dissatisfaction with Prohibition eventually led to its repeal in 1933.

iv.            XIX (19)

The 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified on August 18, 1920, granted women the right to vote. This was a major victory for the women's suffrage movement, which had been fighting for equal voting rights for women for decades.

What was the 19th Amendment?

The 19th Amendment states:

• "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex."

This means that voting rights could no longer be restricted based on gender, giving women the same right to vote as men.

Impact of the 19th Amendment:

1. Expansion of Democracy:

   • The 19th Amendment significantly expanded democracy in the U.S. by including women in the electoral process. Women, who made up about half of the population, were now able to participate in elections and have a say in the laws and leaders that affected their lives.

2. Political and Social Change:

   • The amendment empowered women to become more involved in politics, social issues, and activism. Many women who had been fighting for suffrage went on to influence political change in other areas, such as labor rights, child welfare, and public health.

   • Women’s votes also helped push forward progressive reforms and shape political platforms that addressed issues affecting women and families.

3. Increased Female Political Participation:

   • The 19th Amendment led to an increase in women’s participation in political campaigns, voting, and public office. Over time, more women ran for office and were elected to positions of power, though it took many more years before women were equally represented in political offices.

4. Changing Gender Roles:

   • The amendment marked a major step in changing traditional gender roles in the U.S. society. It was a symbol of the growing recognition of women’s rights and equality, setting the stage for further advancements in women’s rights, including the right to work, education, and equal treatment under the law.

5. Women’s Suffrage Movement Success:

   • The passage of the 19th Amendment was the culmination of a long struggle led by suffragists and suffragettes, including figures like Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Alice Paul. Their efforts spanned over 70 years and involved protests, petitions, and advocacy for women’s equality.

6. Impact on Future Movements:

   • The success of the 19th Amendment was a catalyst for future social movements. It helped spark the broader fight for gender equality, which would later include battles for women’s rights in the workplace, equal pay, reproductive rights, and beyond.

In Summary:The 19th Amendment was a landmark change in U.S. history, granting women the right to vote and marking a major victory for the women’s suffrage movement. Its impact was felt not just in politics but also in changing societal views on women’s roles and rights. It expanded democracy and paves the way for greater gender equality in the years to come.

what were the reforms of the progressive era?

During the Progressive Era (roughly 1890s to 1920s), there were numerous reforms aimed at addressing the social, political, and economic problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption. Progressives, including politicians, journalists, and activists, sought to make society more just, efficient, and democratic. Below are some of the key reforms from this period:

1. Political Reforms:

• Direct Election of Senators (17th Amendment, 1913): Before this reform, U.S. senators were chosen by state legislatures, which often led to corruption and backroom deals. The 17th Amendment allowed for direct election of senators by the people, making senators more accountable to their constituents.

• Women's Suffrage (19th Amendment, 1920): The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote, which was a major victory for the women's suffrage movement and expanded democratic participation.

• Secret Ballot: The introduction of the secret ballot, also known as the Australian ballot, aimed to protect voters from intimidation and political pressure by ensuring their votes were private.

• Initiative, Referendum, and Recall: These reforms allowed citizens to have more direct control over government:

  • Initiative: Voters could propose new laws or amendments.

  • Referendum: Voters could approve or reject laws passed by the legislature.

  • Recall: Voters could remove public officials from office before their term ended.

2. Labor Reforms:

• Child Labor Laws: Progressives pushed for the regulation of child labor to protect young workers from exploitation. Laws were passed limiting the number of hours children could work and the types of jobs they could perform.

• Workers' Compensation: The government began to implement workers' compensation laws to provide benefits for workers injured on the job. This helped improve labor conditions and protect workers' rights.

• Minimum Wage Laws: Some states began to pass minimum wage laws to ensure workers received fair pay for their labor.

• Safety Regulations: Progressives pushed for better working conditions, leading to laws that required safer workplaces, especially in industries like mining, factories, and construction.

3. Economic Reforms:

• Trust-Busting (Antitrust Laws): The government, under President Theodore Roosevelt, took action against monopolies and trusts that stifled competition. The Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) and the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) were passed to break up large monopolistic corporations and promote competition.

• Regulation of Big Business: The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was strengthened to regulate railroads, and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was established to monitor and regulate business practices and prevent unfair competition.

• Banking Reform (Federal Reserve Act, 1913): The Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve System, a central banking system to regulate the economy, control inflation, and provide a safer, more stable financial system.

4. Social Reforms:

• Women's Rights: Beyond suffrage, Progressives fought for women's rights, including property rights and access to education and employment opportunities.

• Public Health and Sanitation: Progressives worked to improve public health by advocating for better sanitation in cities, better waste disposal, clean drinking water, and food safety. The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) and the Meat Inspection Act (1906) were passed to ensure safer food and medicines.

• Social Welfare Programs: Progressives worked to address poverty, often through the establishment of settlement houses and social welfare programs. Organizations like Jane Addams' Hull House in Chicago helped immigrants and the poor by providing education, healthcare, and job training.

5. Environmental Reforms:

• Conservation of Natural Resources: The Progressive Era saw the rise of the conservation movement, led by figures like Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir. They advocated for preserving natural resources and protecting national parks. Roosevelt established the National Parks System and created the United States Forest Service to manage and conserve federal lands.

• Environmental Protection Laws: The National Reclamation Act (1902) aimed to manage water resources in the West, and the Antiquities Act (1906) gave the president authority to designate national monuments to protect natural and historical sites.

6. Education Reforms:

• Progressives worked to expand and improve public education, advocating for free and accessible schools for all children, as well as vocational training programs. Education was seen as a tool for social mobility and reducing poverty.

• Child labor laws also helped children remain in school rather than working in factories, improving literacy and educational attainment.

7. Prohibition (18th Amendment, 1919):

• The 18th Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, a reform driven by the temperance movement. This aimed to reduce alcohol consumption and its negative effects on society, such as crime, poverty, and domestic violence.

In Summary:

The Progressive Era brought a wide range of reforms aimed at improving American society, politics, and the economy. These reforms focused on expanding democracy, improving labor conditions, regulating big business, ensuring public health, promoting women's rights, conserving natural resources, and addressing poverty. While some reforms were more successful than others, they laid the groundwork for many modern policies and continued the fight for social justice and equality.

What were the probelms caused by unchecked captialism

Unchecked capitalism during the Gilded Age (late 19th century) created a number of serious problems that affected workers, consumers, and society as a whole. When businesses operated without regulation or oversight, it led to the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few, while exploiting workers and harming the environment. Here are some key problems caused by unchecked capitalism:

1. Exploitation of Workers:

• Low Wages and Long Hours: Workers, including men, women, and children, were often paid very low wages for long hours of hard labor. Many worked 12-hour days or more, six days a week, in dangerous and unhealthy conditions.

• Child Labor: Many children were employed in factories, mines, and other dangerous jobs, often working for low wages and in unsafe conditions.

• Lack of Workers' Rights: There were no laws protecting workers’ rights. If workers tried to organize or strike for better pay or conditions, they could be easily replaced or even subjected to violence or legal retaliation from employers and the government.

2. Monopolies and Trusts:

• Concentration of Power: Large companies often formed monopolies or trusts, where one company or a group of companies controlled an entire industry. This stifled competition, allowing companies to set high prices and control markets, often to the detriment of consumers.

• Market Manipulation: Monopolies could manipulate prices, limit production, and engage in other practices that hurt consumers. Without competition, there was little incentive for companies to innovate or improve their products.

3. Political Corruption:

• Influence of Big Business: Big businesses and wealthy industrialists had enormous influence over politicians and government policies. This led to corruption in government, where laws and regulations were often written to favor the interests of business owners rather than the needs of the general public.

• Political Machines: In many cities, political machines controlled local governments, using bribes and favors to secure votes and maintain power. These machines were often linked to big business, creating a system of patronage and corruption.

4. Poverty and Income Inequality:

• Wealth Disparity: The vast wealth generated by industrialization was concentrated in the hands of a few wealthy businessmen, such as John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J.P. Morgan. Meanwhile, the majority of workers lived in poverty, struggling to survive on low wages.

• Lack of Social Safety Nets: With no minimum wage laws, unemployment insurance, or social welfare programs, workers had little protection in times of illness, injury, or job loss. This created a growing divide between the rich and poor.

5. Unsafe and Unhealthy Working Conditions:

• Hazardous Work Environments: Many workers were exposed to dangerous and unhealthy conditions in factories, mines, and other workplaces. There were no safety regulations, and workers could be injured or killed without any compensation.

• Lack of Health and Safety Standards: There were no laws requiring businesses to provide safe working environments, and many employers took little to no responsibility for the health or well-being of their employees.

6. Environmental Degradation:

• Exploitation of Natural Resources: Unchecked capitalism encouraged the overuse and exploitation of natural resources like timber, minerals, and land. Companies were often motivated solely by profit, with little concern for the long-term environmental impact.

• Pollution: Industrial factories released pollutants into the air and water, leading to environmental damage and public health issues. Cities became increasingly polluted, with poor living conditions for the working class and the poor.

7. Lack of Consumer Protection:

• Unsafe Products: There were no regulations ensuring the safety or quality of products. For example, food, medicines, and household goods could be dangerous or contaminated, leading to illness or injury.

• Fraud and Deceptive Practices: Some businesses engaged in fraudulent practices, such as misleading advertising or selling substandard goods. Consumers had little recourse for seeking compensation or justice.

8. Labor Strikes and Unrest:

• Violence and Repression: As workers fought for better conditions, they often faced violent repression from employers and even the government. Strikes were met with military intervention, police brutality, and imprisonment of workers’ leaders. For example, the Pullman Strike of 1894 and the Homestead Strike of 1892 were marked by violent clashes.

• Labor Movements: The harsh conditions led to the growth of labor unions and movements that fought for workers' rights, but the struggle for fair wages, safe working conditions, and better hours was often met with hostility from business owners and the government.

---

In Summary:

Unchecked capitalism during the Gilded Age caused significant harm to workers, consumers, and the environment. It led to the exploitation of labor, the rise of monopolies that stifled competition, widespread political corruption, extreme wealth inequality, and poor living and working conditions. These problems created the need for reform and led to the Progressive Era, when efforts were made to regulate businesses, protect workers' rights, and promote social justice.

What labor/progressive/reform responses to the problems of the progressive era?

• Progressivism was a movement to fix the problems caused by rapid industrial growth, such as poor working conditions, political corruption, and inequality. It focused on fairness and making life better for everyone.

• Temperance/Prohibition/Moralism was about reducing alcohol consumption because it was seen as harmful to families and society. It led to a nationwide ban on alcohol (Prohibition), which, however, caused new problems like crime and was eventually ended.

f.        The primary platform of progressivism

The Progressive platform aimed to make society more just and equal by improving working conditions, reducing corruption in government, ensuring women’s rights, protecting the environment, and controlling big businesses that were taking advantage of people. It was about fairness, democracy, and improving life for everyone, especially the working class and the poor.

g.       Muckraking-Muckrakers were journalists who dug deep into scandals, corruption, and social problems and wrote stories to expose them to the public. Their work helped push for reforms and changes in laws to make society fairer and better. Some famous muckrakers include Upton Sinclair, who exposed poor conditions in the meatpacking industry with his book The Jungle, and Ida Tarbell, who uncovered the unfair practices of Standard Oil.

What did president roosevelt do during his presidency

                                                           i.            Spanish American War-Theodore Roosevelt had a significant impact on the Spanish-American War, even though he wasn't president at the time. Here’s how:

1. Military Leadership: Roosevelt was the leader of the "Rough Riders," a volunteer cavalry unit. They played a key role in the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba, which was one of the war's most important victories.

2. Advocacy for War: Roosevelt was a strong advocate for U.S. involvement in the war. As Assistant Secretary of the Navy, he pushed for military action against Spain even before the war started, helping to prepare the U.S. Navy for action.

3. Expansion of U.S. Power: The war marked the U.S.'s rise as a global power, and Roosevelt’s role in it helped set the stage for his later policies as president, including a more active role in international affairs.

In short, Roosevelt was an influential figure in the war, both on the battlefield and in advocating for U.S. involvement.

                                                          ii.            Foreign policy- Speak softly but carry a big stick (negotiate w/ other nations, but you can use violence)

-expanded great white fleet-> expanding the U.S. Navy 

-Roosevelt corollary: gave U.S.  the rihgt to intervene in latin America 

-open door policy to increase trade w/ china

-built panama canal 

-kept control of Philippinies 

                                                        iii.            Domestic Policy

Square Deal -> conservation of natural resources. (230 million acres of land for national parks)

-Corporation regulation (Elkins and Kepburn Act)

-Strengthening of ICC; used SHerman Antitrust Acr as it was intended

-cinsumer protection; (Ex: Pure Food and Drug Act)

What did Taft do during his presidency?

i.            Foreign policy-Dollar Diplomacy- make countries dependent on the U.S. by heavily investing in their economies 

                                                          ii.            Domestic Policy-Busted more trusts and monopolies tahn Roosevelt including standard oil, the American Tobacco Companies, and the American Sugar refining Comp. 

-Minimal tariff Bill

What did Wilson do during his presidency

c.       Wilson

                                                           i.            Foreign policy- Moral Diplomacy: U.S. would encourage countries to adopt democratic ideals 

-sent marines inot haiti undermining “anti-imperialist” ideals 

-opposed Huerta in Mexico by sending aid to rivals 

                                                          ii.            Domestic Policy

Federal Reserve Act (1913) President appointed Federal Reserve to issue paper money 

-underwood tariffs:reduces tariffs 

-16th amendment: creates graduated income taxes 

-clayton Antitrust Act:offically leagalized strikes

WWI and Wilsons impact on the war

Woodrow Wilson had a big impact on World War I in several ways:

1. Leading the U.S. into the War: At first, Wilson tried to keep the U.S. out of the war, but in 1917, he decided to join on the side of the Allies after German attacks on American ships. His famous reason for entering was to "make the world safe for democracy."

2. 14 Points: Wilson proposed a plan for peace called the "14 Points," which included ideas like self-determination for countries and the creation of the League of Nations, an organization to help prevent future wars.

3. Treaty of Versailles: After the war ended in 1918, Wilson played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended the war. His goal was to create lasting peace, though some of his ideas were not fully accepted by European leaders.

In short, Wilson’s leadership helped bring the U.S. into the war, and he worked hard for a peace settlement that would avoid future conflicts.

WHat is the election of 1912

a contest between four candidates, but Woodrow Wilson won because the Republican vote was split between Taft and Roosevelt. Wilson’s victory marked the beginning of major reforms under his presidency

What was woman suffrage

The women's suffrage movement was marked by various strategies and events that aimed to secure voting rights for women. Activists used different approaches depending on the country, the political climate, and the specific goals of the movement. Some focused on peaceful protests and legal challenges, while others resorted to more radical tactics. Here's an overview of the strategies and key events that shaped the women's suffrage movement:

Key Strategies Used in the Women's Suffrage Movement

1. Petitions and Legal Challenges:
   
   

   • Petitioning was a common and early strategy used by suffragists, where women gathered signatures to demand the right to vote. In many cases, these petitions were presented to lawmakers or government officials, highlighting public support for women’s suffrage.

   • Some suffragists also used legal challenges to test the constitutionality of voting laws and to argue that denying women the right to vote was a violation of equal rights.

2. Peaceful Protests and Marches:
   
   

   • Organized marches and public demonstrations were a powerful tool. These events raised awareness about women's suffrage and garnered public attention. The March for Women's Suffrage in Washington, D.C., in 1913 is a notable example. Thousands of women marched down Pennsylvania Avenue to demand voting rights.

   • Silent Sentinels, led by Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party (NWP), staged silent, non-violent protests outside the White House, demanding that President Wilson support women’s suffrage. This strategy garnered significant media attention and helped pressure lawmakers.

3. Civil Disobedience and Hunger Strikes:
   
   

   • Some suffragists engaged in civil disobedience, refusing to follow laws they believed were unjust. One of the most famous examples was the arrest of suffragists who picketed outside the White House in the U.S.

   • To protest their imprisonment and demand political attention, suffragists like Alice Paul and Lucy Burns went on hunger strikes, enduring forced feedings in jail.

4. Radical Tactics and Militant Actions:
   
   

   • In the United Kingdom, the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), led by Emmeline Pankhurst, adopted more militant tactics, including smashing windows, arson, and direct confrontation with police. These dramatic actions gained significant media attention and pushed the issue of suffrage into the national spotlight.

   • The WSPU’s slogan "Deeds, not words" captured their radical approach to securing voting rights.

5. Lobbying and Political Advocacy:
   
   

   • Women also worked within the political system, lobbying lawmakers and creating alliances with politicians who supported their cause. In the U.S., suffragists like Carrie Chapman Catt used political strategy and organization to gain support from key politicians and political parties.

   • Many suffragists worked with other progressive movements, aligning themselves with labor, temperance, and civil rights movements to strengthen their political base.

---

Key Events in the Women's Suffrage Movement

1. The Seneca Falls Convention (1848) – United States
   
   

   • The first women's rights convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York, marked the beginning of the organized women's suffrage movement in the U.S. It was here that Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which called for equal rights for women, including the right to vote.

2. Formation of Suffrage Societies (Late 1800s) – United States and United Kingdom
   
   

   • In the U.S., suffragists formed organizations like the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, which campaigned for a federal constitutional amendment granting women the vote.

   • In the UK, groups like the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), led by Millicent Fawcett, focused on peaceful, gradual tactics, while the more radical Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), led by Emmeline Pankhurst, took a more militant approach.

3. The Pankhursts' Militant Campaigns (1903-1914) – United Kingdom
   
   

   • The formation of the WSPU marked the start of a more radical phase in the UK. The WSPU members, known as suffragettes, engaged in acts of civil disobedience, such as chaining themselves to railings, smashing windows, and hunger strikes.

   • These bold actions caught the public's attention and intensified the pressure on the government.

4. The 1913 Suffrage Parade (U.S.) – United States
   
   

   • The 1913 Women's Suffrage Parade in Washington, D.C., organized by Alice Paul and the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, was one of the largest demonstrations for women’s rights. More than 5,000 women marched, facing opposition and violence from spectators. Despite the challenges, the parade garnered national attention and increased support for the cause.

5. World War I (1914-1918) – Global
   
   

   • During World War I, many women took on jobs traditionally held by men, such as working in factories and serving as nurses. Their contributions during the war helped change public perceptions about women's roles in society and highlighted their capabilities. This played a significant role in securing voting rights for women in countries like the UK, where women over the age of 30 were granted the right to vote in 1918.

6. U.S. 19th Amendment (1920) – United States
   
   

   • After years of activism, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed in 1920, granting women the right to vote. This was the culmination of decades of hard work by suffragists like Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Carrie Chapman Catt. The amendment was ratified after a long legislative battle, with suffragists working tirelessly to win the approval of key state legislatures.

7. Equal Franchise Act (1928) – United Kingdom
   
   

   • In the UK, women over the age of 30 won the right to vote in 1918, but it was the Equal Franchise Act of 1928 that granted women full suffrage, allowing women over 21 to vote on equal terms with men.

---

Conclusion

The women's suffrage movement was a long and complex struggle that involved a variety of strategies, from peaceful lobbying and petitions to militant protests and hunger strikes. Key events like the Seneca Falls Convention, the 1913 suffrage parade in Washington, D.C., and the passage of the 19th Amendment in the U.S. were milestones in the fight for gender equality and voting rights. Women's suffrage ultimately contributed to the broader movement for women's rights and laid the foundation for future progress in achieving gender equality in politics and society.

What was prohibition

a period in American history when the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages were banned. It lasted from 1920 to 1933 and was a result of the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which was ratified in 1919, and the Volstead Act, which provided for the enforcement of the amendment. The goal of Prohibition was to reduce crime, corruption, and the social problems associated with alcohol consumption, such as domestic violence and poverty. However, the effects of Prohibition were complex, and it led to both unintended consequences and a broad cultural shift.

Origins of Prohibition

The temperance movement, which advocated for the reduction or complete elimination of alcohol consumption, had been gaining strength in the U.S. for much of the 19th century. Many reformers believed that alcohol was a cause of social problems such as poverty, domestic abuse, and public disorder. The movement was particularly strong among religious groups, women’s organizations, and certain political leaders who viewed alcohol as a moral and societal threat.

The Anti-Saloon League and other temperance organizations worked tirelessly to lobby for laws that would restrict or outlaw alcohol. By the early 1900s, they had gained enough political power to influence the passage of national prohibition laws.

The 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act

• 18th Amendment (1919): This amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of "intoxicating liquors." It went into effect on January 17, 1920, and marked the beginning of Prohibition.
  
  

• Volstead Act (1919): This law, passed by Congress, defined what was considered an "intoxicating liquor" (anything with more than 0.5% alcohol by volume) and provided for the enforcement of Prohibition. It also allowed alcohol to be used for medicinal, sacramental, and industrial purposes, which led to some loopholes in the law.
  
  

Impact of Prohibition

1. Rise in Organized Crime:
   
   

   • Prohibition led to a dramatic increase in organized crime. With the legal production and sale of alcohol banned, illegal operations, known as bootlegging, flourished. Criminal organizations, such as those led by Al Capone, began to profit from the demand for alcohol by smuggling it into the country, setting up secret speakeasies (illegal bars), and bribing law enforcement to avoid prosecution.

   • Speakeasies, hidden bars or clubs where people could drink alcohol, became widespread in cities across the U.S.

2. Decline in Government Revenue:
   
   

   • Before Prohibition, alcohol taxes had been a significant source of government revenue. With the ban on alcohol, the government lost out on this revenue stream, and enforcement of the new laws became expensive.

3. Public Health and Safety Issues:
   
   

   • While Prohibition was meant to reduce alcohol-related health issues, it often had the opposite effect. Poisonous, homemade alcohol (known as "bathtub gin") became common, leading to illnesses and deaths. Some people also turned to more dangerous substances as substitutes for alcohol.

   • Alcohol-related deaths from poisoning increased significantly, as unregulated and unsafe alcoholic beverages became more prevalent.

4. Changing Social Norms:
   
   

   • Prohibition had a significant cultural impact, particularly in cities. The illegal nature of drinking and the secrecy surrounding it led to a more rebellious attitude among many Americans. Women, in particular, began to gain more visibility in the public sphere as they attended speakeasies and participated in the consumption of alcohol, breaking social conventions of the time.

5. Economic Impact:
   
   

   • The alcohol industry was a major employer and contributor to the economy. During Prohibition, breweries, distilleries, and saloons were forced to close, and many people lost their jobs. The loss of the alcohol industry also hurt industries like glass manufacturing, transportation, and hospitality, which had relied on alcohol production and sales.

The End of Prohibition

By the late 1920s and early 1930s, public dissatisfaction with Prohibition was growing. The rise in organized crime, widespread disrespect for the law, economic difficulties, and the health risks associated with illegal alcohol all contributed to growing support for its repeal.

In 1933, the 21st Amendment was ratified, officially repealing the 18th Amendment and ending Prohibition. This was the first and only time in U.S. history that a constitutional amendment was repealed by another amendment. The 21st Amendment allowed alcohol to be legally produced and sold again, although states were still allowed to regulate alcohol sales.

Legacy of Prohibition

Prohibition left a lasting legacy in American culture and law:

• The Rise of Organized Crime: The success of criminal organizations during Prohibition in smuggling and selling alcohol led to the expansion of organized crime in the U.S., and many of the networks that emerged during this time continued to operate in the post-Prohibition era.

• Regulation of Alcohol: After Prohibition, alcohol regulation became an important issue for state and federal governments. The regulation of alcohol sales was structured into a complex system that still exists today.

• Public Perception of Law: Prohibition is often seen as an example of a well-meaning social reform that was difficult to enforce and led to unforeseen consequences. It highlighted the limitations of trying to legislate morality and the importance of public support for laws.

In summary, Prohibition was an ambitious attempt to reform American society and reduce the negative effects of alcohol, but it had a number of unintended consequences, including the rise of organized crime and widespread lawbreaking. Its eventual repeal marked the end of one of the most controversial social experiments in U.S. history.

c.       Immigration and urbanization-Immigration and urbanization were two key features of the Progressive Era (roughly from the 1890s to the 1920s) in the United States. This period was characterized by significant social, political, and economic change, and these two phenomena played a major role in shaping the nation's growth, challenges, and reform movements during this time.

Immigration During the Progressive Era

During the Progressive Era, the U.S. experienced a large influx of immigrants from various parts of the world. This wave of immigration was driven by a combination of push factors (reasons that drove people to leave their home countries) and pull factors (reasons that attracted them to the U.S.).

Push Factors:

• Economic hardship: Many immigrants came from countries in Europe, Asia, and Latin America that were experiencing economic downturns, poverty, and lack of opportunity.

• Political unrest: Immigrants fleeing war, political oppression, and autocratic governments were often seeking freedom and stability.

• Religious persecution: Groups such as Jews and other minorities faced persecution in their home countries and sought religious freedom in the U.S.

Pull Factors:

• Job opportunities: The U.S. was undergoing rapid industrialization, creating an increasing demand for labor in factories, mines, railroads, and agriculture.

• Promises of a better life: Immigrants were attracted to the idea of achieving the "American Dream" — owning land, having more political freedom, and seeking better living standards.

• Religious and political freedom: The U.S. was seen as a land of freedom, where people could escape religious and political persecution.

The Origins of Immigrants

Immigrants during this time came from a wide range of countries, with some groups more prominent than others:

• Southern and Eastern Europe: The majority of immigrants came from countries such as Italy, Poland, Greece, and Russia. Many were escaping poverty, political instability, and religious persecution.

• Asia: Chinese and Japanese immigrants were also entering the U.S., although they faced heavy discrimination and were subject to restrictive laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

• Mexico and Latin America: While immigration from Latin America was smaller compared to Europe, it grew in the early 20th century, particularly with Mexican immigrants coming to work in agriculture and on railroads.

Impact of Immigration

1. Diverse Workforce: Immigrants provided the labor force necessary for America’s growing industries, contributing to the nation's economic expansion. They filled jobs in factories, on construction sites, and in mining operations.

2. Cultural Influence: Immigrants brought their cultures, traditions, languages, and religions, which contributed to the rich cultural tapestry of the U.S. Cities became vibrant, multicultural hubs.

3. Nativism and Anti-Immigrant Sentiment: The influx of immigrants sparked nativist sentiments among some Americans who feared that the new immigrants would take jobs, lower wages, or undermine the country's values. This led to discriminatory laws, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act and other restrictions against certain groups, particularly from Southern and Eastern Europe.

---

Urbanization During the Progressive Era

As more immigrants arrived in the U.S. and industries grew, the country experienced rapid urbanization. Urbanization refers to the increasing population and expansion of cities, as people moved from rural areas to urban centers in search of work.

The Causes of Urbanization:

1. Industrialization: The expansion of factories, railroads, and new technologies required a large labor force, which attracted people to cities. Many immigrants and rural Americans moved to urban areas to work in factories, mills, and industries.

2. Better Opportunities: Cities offered more opportunities for work, better wages, and access to public services like schools and healthcare, which rural areas often lacked.

3. Technological Advancements: Improvements in transportation (like streetcars and later subways) made it easier for people to live in urban areas and commute to factories and offices.

Impact of Urbanization

1. Overcrowded and Unsanitary Conditions: Many immigrants and rural migrants settled in tenements—poorly built, overcrowded apartment buildings. These living conditions were often unsanitary, with inadequate plumbing and ventilation, leading to the spread of diseases like cholera and tuberculosis.

2. Slums and Poverty: As cities grew rapidly, so did the problems of poverty, crime, and inequality. Many urban areas developed large slums where immigrants lived in difficult conditions, struggling to make a living. These areas were often marked by poor public services, lack of sanitation, and overcrowding.

3. Social Stratification: Urbanization also contributed to the growth of the middle class and the expansion of wealth among industrialists, but this wealth was often concentrated in the hands of a few, while many workers lived in poverty.

4. Political Machines and Corruption: In many cities, political machines like Tammany Hall in New York City controlled local governments. These machines were often run by political bosses who used patronage (jobs and services) to gain the support of immigrants and poor urban dwellers. While they provided social services to needy populations, they were also associated with corruption and exploitation.

Reforms and the Progressive Response

The rapid growth of immigration and urbanization led to a series of Progressive Era reforms aimed at addressing the challenges brought about by these changes. Progressives were a group of reformers who sought to improve social, political, and economic conditions during the early 20th century.

1. Labor Reforms: The Progressive movement pushed for better working conditions, wages, and the reduction of child labor. Many of the workers in the factories were immigrants, and reformers sought to protect them from exploitation.

2. Social Services: Progressives worked to improve living conditions for urban dwellers. They pushed for better sanitation, public health policies, housing reforms, and the construction of public parks.

3. Immigration Regulation: The government began regulating immigration more strictly, particularly through laws like the Immigration Act of 1924, which restricted immigration from certain countries, particularly Southern and Eastern Europe and Asia.

4. Settlement Houses: Progressive reformers like Jane Addams established settlement houses, such as Hull House in Chicago, to assist immigrants in adjusting to urban life. These institutions provided educational programs, childcare, job training, and other services.

5. Women's Role in Reform: Many women in the Progressive Era became involved in social reform movements, including efforts to improve living conditions in cities, advocate for labor rights, and push for women's suffrage.

---

ConclusionThe Progressive Era saw the U.S. experience significant growth in immigration and urbanization, both of which brought challenges and opportunities. Immigrants provided the labor force needed for industrialization, while cities grew rapidly, becoming centers of culture, commerce, and politics. However, urbanization also created overcrowded slums, poor living conditions, and social inequalities. In response, the Progressive movement sought to improve working conditions, living standards, and political corruption. leaving a legacy of