4.3
4.3
peninsulare
Highest social class, which dominated the government and the Church
Spanish-born
creole
Latin Americans of European descent who owned the haciendas, ranches, and mines
resented their 2nd class status
mestizo
People of Native American and European descent
mulatto
People of African and European descent, were angry at being denied the status, wealth and power that other groups enjoyed
Simon Bolivar
(1783-1830) Leader for independence who defeated Spanish forces in South America, liberating: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
Young creole, forced into exile in Haiti
Toussant L'ouverture
Leader of the Haitian Revolution
Freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French
Miguel Hidalgo
Creole priest who called Mexicans to fight for independence (unsuccessfully, captured and executed)
Jose Morales
Priest who tried to carry the Mexican revolution forward after Father Hidalgo.
Agustin de Iturbide
Mexican (creole) army officer who joined forces w/ the Indians and Mestizos won mexican's independence then claimed himself emperor
First ruler of Mexico, "Emperor Aguistin I"
Jose de San Martin
Helped Argentina and Chile win freedom from Spain
Dom Pedro
Son of the Portuguese king, who became emperor and proclaimed independence in Brazil in 1822 w/o fighting
Where did Creoles get many of their revolutionary ideas?
They got revolutionary ideas from Enlightenment ideas. They also got them from the Declaration of Independence and The US Constitution.
How were slaves instrumental in achieving Haiti's independence?
The slaves fought and defeated:
Local white planters
Troops of the French monarchy
A Spanish invasion
A British expeditionary force
(In the end,) the supposedly invincible army of Napoleon Bonaparte
How did events in Spain affect the fight for Mexican independence?
The French revolution and Napoleonic wars diverted attention of Spain from its colonies leaving a vacuum and increasing dissatisfaction and desire for local government.
Why did Simon Bolivar admire the American and French Revolutions?
He was an admirer of both the American Revolution and the French Revolution because he had the same objective: independence for their people and the establishment of democratic states
How were the goals of the South American revolutions different from their results?
There were negative results for some of the revolutions, which were different than goals
As Bolivar stated, the countries just changed one set of masters for another, which goes against the concept of independence in the first place
Haitian Revolution terrified landowners in the Caribbean and northern South America
As the situation worsened in Spain, many feared that Spain could not protect them from a similar uprising
10.4
10.4
La Reforma
Liberal reform movement in 19th-century Mexico
led by Benito Juarez
Peonage
System by which workers owe labor to pay their debts
Monroe Doctrine
American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers
Panama Canal
Ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)
Regionalism
Weakened new nations of Latin America because there was no traditional unity
Loyalty to the interests of a particular region
Caudillo
Local strong men
Benito Juarez
Liberal who when he gained power began an era of reform known as La Reforma
Offered hope to the oppressed people of Mexico
What factors undermined democracy in post-independence Latin America?
Many factors undermined democracy in Latin America.
Inequalitities remained and regionalism weakened the new nations
Power remained in the hands of the privileged few
What struggles did Mexico go through as it tried to find stability in the 1800s?
Mexico was dominated by large landowners, army leaders, and the Catholic Church
Was a divide in the ruling elite between conservative and liberals
Bitter battles between the two groups led to revolts and the rise of dictators
How did foreign influence and investment affect Latin America?
As the U.S. continued to invest in Latin America, it had a negative affect and the was only increasing resentment and rebellion against the U.S. by Latin America
How did the U.S. act as an imperialist power in Latin America?
When the U.S. built the Panama Canal across Central America, it was an engineering marvel that boosted trade and shipping worldwide
people of Latin America, however, thought the canal was another example of "Yankee imperialism"
12.1
12.1
Porfirio Diaz
Dictator who dominated Mexico for 35 years
Permitted foriegn companies to develop natural resources
Allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants
Hacienda
Large plantations, controlled by landowning elite
Francisco Madero
A liberal reformer who demanded free elections was elected president after Diaz resigned but was assassinated 2 years after being elected by a general Victoriano Huerta
Victoriano Huerta
Mexican Revolutionary during the Mexican Revolution
Killed a dozen Americans in New Mexico caused an invasion of Mexico by America which started anti American feelings
Emiliano Zapata
Mexican land reformer
Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution
Was the Mexican Robinhood
Was assasinated
Nationalization
Government takeover of natural resources
Venustiano Carraza
President of Mexico 1917
wealthy landowner
Approved Mexico Consitution of 1917 but didnt implement it
fought alongside Villa and Zapata, but turned on them
Mexican Constitution of 1917
Approved during Carraza's Presidency and it strengthened governments control over the economy
Addressed three issues:
land, labor and religion
Implemented during Cadenas
PRI - Institutional Revolutionary Party
(PRI) the political party introduced in 1929 in Mexico that helped to maintain political stability for much of the 20th century. They held control until free election of 2000.
Lazaro Cardenas
President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by:
Distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants
Bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics
Nationalizing the oil industry
Economic Nationalism
Emphasis on home control of the economy
Attempting to have little or no reliance on foreign goods by developing their own industries
Cultural Nationalism
Renewed pride in one's own culture with renewed Latin American traditional art forms taking over
Good Neighbor Policy
Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries.
Roosevelt supported Mexico's nationalization of its oil companies
U.S. withdrew troops from Haiti and Nicaragua
Platt Amendment lifted
Limited Cuban Independence
Diego Rivera
Mexican Muralist who created murals/artworks in Mexico depicting struggles of mexican people
Murals
Large painting on walls
type of art is common in mexico used to promote cultural nationalism
Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd president of US
Set the Good Neighbor Policy in Latin American countries