GS — Human Body Systems

What do body systems do?

Work together to keep the body alive

Nervous System (神经系统)?

Controls and coordinates body activities

Responds to stimuli（刺激）.

Important parts of nervous system?

Brain（大脑）

Spinal cord（脊髓）

Nerves（神经）

Neurons（神经元） = nerve cells（神经细胞）

Central Nervous System — CNS（中枢神经系统）?

Brain + spinal cord

What does brain includes?

Cerebrum（大脑）

Cerebellum（小脑）

Medulla（延髓）

Cerebrum for?

Thinking

Hearing

Seeing

Other higher functions

Cerebellum for?

Balance（平衡）

Muscle coordination（肌肉协调）

Medulla for?

Controls involuntary actions

e.g. heartbeat

What’s Peripheral Nervous System — PNS（周围神经系统）?

Nerves outside brain and spinal cord

Voluntary activities examples?

Running

Eating

Scratching

Involuntary activities examples?

Breathing

Heart beating

Some digestive (助消化的) functions

Cardiovascular / Circulatory (心血管 / 循环系统 ) System for?

Transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste throughout the body

Main components of Cardiovascular / Circulatory System?

Heart（心脏）

Arteries（动脉）

Veins（静脉）

Capillaries（毛细血管）

Blood（血液）

How many chambers (心腔) does heart have & what they are?

4

Two atria（心房）

Two ventricles（心室)

What do atria do?

Receive blood

What do ventricles do?

Pump blood out

Arteries (动脉) vs. Veins (静脉)?

Arteries:

Carry blood away from the heart.

Oxygenated blood（含氧血）

Have thicker walls cuz blood pressure is higher

Veins:

Carry blood toward the heart

deoxygenated blood（缺氧血）

Have thinner walls

Pulmonary (肺) arteries v.s. Pulmonary veins?

Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood

What are Capillaries (毛细血管)?

Tiny blood vessels connecting arteries and veins

Where exchange（交换） occurs

What do capillaries do?

Deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues

Pick up CO₂ and waste