ANAPHY: L1

Anatomein

A greek word which means to cut open or to dissect.

Anatomy

Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another.

Answers the question “What?”

Gross Anatomy - Macroscopic

Large structure that are easily observable by the naked eye

Microscropic Anatomy

Structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye

Regional Anatomy - Topographic

Determines the presence of the internal and external parts of the body which are being studied based on their location, based on proximity, and how they work collaboratively

Systematic Approach

the approach towards dealing with anatomy is through subdividing the body into discrete organ systems that work together towards a common goal

Physiology

Study of how the body and its parts work or function

Answers the question “How?”

Chemical/Molecular Level

Presence of the basic unit of matter known as Atoms

Atoms

are individual entities within the body that when combined, creates chemical reactions to form molecules

Cellular Level

are made up of molecules and are considered as the basic unit of life

Tissue

are composed of similar types of cells or cells of similar functions

Community or cluster of similar cells

• Connective Tissue

• Epithelial Tissue

• Muscle Tissue

• Nervous Tissue

4 Basic types of Tissue

Organ Level

a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function

Organ System Level

is a group of organs that work closely together to accomplish a common purpose

Organismal Level

the sum of all structural levels working together to keep them alive.

Highest level of organization

Integumentary System

forms the external covering of the body for protection against external forces

Muscular System

composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers whose predominant function is to contract

Skeletal System

It supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles uses to cause a movement

Nervous System

Fast-acting control system that responds to both external and internal stimuli

Sensory Receptors detect changes and send messages to the central nervous system

Endocrine System

Secretes chemical molecules called Hormones

Cardiovascular System

delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances, and pucks up wastes like CO2

Lymphatic System - Immune System

Complements the cardiovascular system by returning leaked fluids back to the bloodstreams

Lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs cleanse the blood and house white blood cells involved in immunity

Respiratory System

Supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Digestive System

Breaks down food and delivers nutrients to the body to be utilized by the body cells

Absorbs nutrients and rabsorb water

Urinary System

production of waste by-product

removes such waste by flushing them from the body in the urine

Reproductive System

To Produce offsprings

• Maintaining Boundaries

• Movement

• Responsiveness

• DIgestion

• Metabolism

• Excretion

• Reproduction

• Growth

Essential Life Function (8)

• Nutrients

• Oxygen

• Water

• Normal Body Temperature

• Atmospheric Pressure

Survival Needs (5)

Anatomical Position

Refers to the positioning of the body when it is standing upright and facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing forward (supine). The legs are parallel with feet flat on the floor and facing forward

Superior

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body

Above

Inferior

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body

Below

Anterior

Toward or at the front of the body

In Front of

Posterior

Toward or at the backside of the body

Behind

Medial

Toward or at the Midline of the body

On the Inner side of

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

On the Outer side of

Intermediate

Between a more medial and more lateral structure

Proximal

Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial (External)

Toward or at the body surface

Deep (Internal)

Away from the body surface

More Internal

Sagittal Section

Cut along lengthwise dividing the body into left or right parts

Frontal Section

Cut along the lengthwise that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse Section

Cut along a horizontal plane, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

Cranial Cavity

Houses the Brain

Protected by the SKull

Spinal Cavity

Houses the Spinal Cord

Protected by the vertebrae

Thoracic Cavity

Cavity superior to the diaphragm

Houses Heart, Lungs, and other organs

Mediastinum, the central region, houses heart, trachea, and other organs

Protected by the Rib Cage

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Cavity inferior to the diaphgram

SUperior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, and other organs

Inferior pelvic cavity contains productive organs, bladder, and rectum

No physical structure separates abdominal from pelvic cavities

Homeostasis

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions

Dynamic State of Equilibrium: internal conditions change and vary but always within relatively narrow limits

Necessary for nomal body functioning and to sustain life

Receptor

type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment called Stimuli, by sending information to the second component, the control center

Control Center

Determines the level (set point) at which a variable is to be maintained

This component analyzes the information it receives, then it determines the appropriate response or course of action

Effector

Provides the means for the control center’s response to the stimulus

Information flows from the control center to the effector along the efferent pathway

The results of the response and then feedback to influence the stimulus

Negative Feedback

Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

The net effect of the response to the stimulus is to either shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity

Works like a thermostat

Positive Feedback

rare in the human body

Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farhter from its original value

Reaction occurs at a faster rate

Homoestatic Imbalance

disturbance in homeostasis