renal

renal systems + GU system =

kidneys + tubules

functional organ of renal system

kidneys

functional units of renal system

nephrons

renal system function

filter blood and produce urine

GU system organs

ureters, bladder, and urethra

GU system function

transports, stores, and excretes urine

the body produces 3 kinds of waste that it must get rid of

solid, gases, liquid

solid waste is from the

digestive system

gas waste (such as CO2) eliminated by

respiratory system

liquid waste eliminated by

the kidneys and through sweat

the kidneys filter urea and water from the

blood and expel it as urine

the levels of H2O in the body are controlled by

ADH → pituitary gland

acute kidney injury (acute renal failure)

sudden interruption of kidney function

pre renal failure

hypo perfusion and hypovolemia

hypovolemia

PE, arterial or venous thrombosis

hypo perfusion

heart failure, cardiogenic shock, MI…

infrarenal failure

parenchymal disorders

parenchymal disorders ex

glomerulonephrosis, acute tubular necrosis, lupus

postrenal failure

obstruction, calculi, BPH, strictures, tumor

chronic kidney disease (chronic renal failure)

progressive irreversible deterioration and loss of kidney function

acute tubular necrosis

type of infrarenal AKI

acute tubular necrosis can occur from

the use of contrast media

renal calculi

stones that form anywhere in the GU tract

renal calculi complication

hydronephrosis

URI

bacterial infection of either the bladder, urethra, or kidneys

UTI symptoms

burning pain in urination, cloudy, dark, red, or foul-smelling urine

kidney concave border

faces medially

kidney convex border faces

laterally

renal cortex

outer reddish-brown region

renal cortex contains

glomeruli and their capillaries, most of proximal tubules

renal medulla

middle reddish-brown region

renal medulla composed of

renal (10-18) pyramids (base face cortex and apex point toward center)

renal medulla contain

collecting ducts …

renal pelvis

inner whitish cavity

renal pelvis connects to

ureter

3 renal encapsulating layers

renal fascia, adipose capulse, renal capsule

renal fascia

outer superficial layer

adipose capsule

perirenal fat

renal capsule

inner layer composed of smooth, fibrous, transparent membrane

each kidney contains

1 million nephrons

kidneys act as

excretory, regulatory, and endocrine organs

as excretory organs the kidneys

filter elves or harmful substrates from blood to urine “the body’s filtration plant”

kidney as a regulatory organs

maintain volume and composition of body fluids

kidneys as endocrine organs

secrete (renin, erythropeitien, and 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol) and respond to hormones

renin function

regulates BP

how does renin work

It acts on angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II, leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.

erythropoietin function

stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow

renin converts

angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

kidneys can only sense

vasoconstriction or dilation (and translates to high or low BP)

blood flow to the kidneys is

renal blood flow

kidneys revive

25% of CO - 1.25L/min

kidneys can not sense CO but can

renal blood flow

25% of the CO →

renal artery

kidney →

renal vein

every kidney function is based on

the renal blood flow

renal artery stenosis will result in

decreased renal blood flow (low Q)

renal artery →

interlobar arteries

interlobar arteries →

arcuate arteries

arcuate arteries →

interlobular arteries

arteriosclerosis of renal artery →

constriction of renal artery

constriction of renal artery →

decrease RBF

decreased RBF →

decrease Q/increase velocity

glomerular capillaries sit of

filtration

peritubular capillaries site of

reabsorption and secretion of electrolytes and nutrients

efferent arterioles function

to regulate glomerular filtration rate by controlling blood flow out of the glomerulus.

blood flow form CO: LV of the heart →

Cardiac output

blood flow form CO: Cardiac Output →

aorta

blood flow form CO: aorta →

flow (Q), velocity (V)

blood flow form CO: flow (Q), velocity (V) →

arterial circulation

blood flow form CO: arterial circulation →

renal artery

blood flow form CO: renal artery →

RBF - 25% of CO

blood flow form CO: RBF →

Renal plasma flow

blood flow form CO: renal plasma flow →

renal vein

blood flow form CO: renal vein →

venous circulation

blood flow form CO: venous circulation →

vena cava

blood flow form CO: vena cava →

RA of the heart

renal plasma is

the liquid component of blood that passes through the kidneys, consisting of water, electrolytes, and organic solutes. It plays a crucial role in the filtration and excretion of waste products.

golumerular capillaires do filtration of

renal plasma

renal plasma flow measured is

blood without the cells in it

constriction of arterioles is

constriction of afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles

constriction of afferent arterioles

decrease RPF (decrease RBF) → decrease GFR

constriction of efferent arterioles

decreases RPF (decrease RBF) → increase GFR

dilation of afferent arterioles

increase RPF (increase RBF) → increase GFR

dilation of efferent arterioles

increase RBF (increase RBF) → decrease GFR

nephron =

capillaries + tubules

types of nephron

superficial cortical and juxtamedullary

reabosrption is happening in the

renal tubules

renal corpuscle is

glomerulus

glomerulus + glomerular capsule =

bowman’s capsule

renal tubules includes

proximal convulses tubule, loop of hence, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

what is reabsorbed in kidney

glucose,water, electrolytes, and amino acids.

what is secreted in kidney

Urea, creatinine, and ions.

acute glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomerulus

poststeptococcal glomerulonephritis

A type of acute glomerulonephritis that occurs after infection with streptococcal bacteria, leading to inflammation and damage to the kidney's filtration units.

acute tubular necrosis

destruction of tubular segment of the nephron

sympathetic stimulation → RBF and RPF

decreases

parasympathetic stimulation → RBF RPF

increase

angiotensin II - RBF RPF

decreases

GFR in constriction of efferent

increases

prostaglandins - RBF RPF

increases