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9 Terms
1
Why is the second heart sound (S2) higher in pitch than the first heart sound (S1)?
The second heart sound is higher in pitch because the semilunar valves have thinner, more taut leaflets and because of higher pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery during valve closure.
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2
What does the presence of a third heart sound (S3) indicate?
S3 may indicate increased ventricular filling pressure, often due to heart failure or volume overload.
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3
What does the presence of a fourth heart sound (S4) suggest?
S4 suggests a stiff or hypertrophic ventricle, typically associated with conditions like left ventricular hypertrophy or ischemic heart disease.
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4
What pathology is associated with a prolonged QT interval?
A prolonged QT interval is associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias such as torsades de pointes, and can be caused by congenital long QT syndrome, electrolyte imbalances, medications, or myocardial ischemia.
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5
How does physical exercise affect the amplitude of the QRS complex?
Amplitude increases due to greater ventricular depolarization and increased sympathetic activity.
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6
What can features of the heart visible through ultrasound indicate about heart health?
They can indicate chamber size and wall thickness, valve function, pericardial effusion, myocardial contractility, and presence of thrombi or masses.
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7
What is ejection fraction (EF)?
Ejection Fraction is the percentage of blood ejected from the left ventricle during systole.
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