Bio Exam 2

Vascular plants have?

Roots and Shoot

Shoots have?

- stems
- leaves
- Reproductive organs

Leaves have what?

- Epidermis
- Mesophyll (middle)
- Veins - Vascular tissues
- Stoma

What is stoma?

- Guard cells - When they have enough water it opens up to lose water in the underneath the leaves

Osmosis

Movement of water across the membrane

homeostasis

The active regulation & maintenance in the changing environment

Abscisic acid

chemical hormone to close up the stoma

CAM photosynthesis

- Crassulacean acid metabolism
- Used for cactus and other dry plants
- During the night, stoma opens
- During the day, stoma closes

photosynthesis

Light reactions into ATP & NADPH for Calvin Cycle

CAM Photosynthesis formula

PEP (3e) + HCO3 (1c) = 4c acid

Land Plants in hot environment will suffer from what?

Photorespiration

Photorespiration Formula

RuBP (5c) + O2 (0c) -- Rubisco 1 x 3 - PGA (3c) + 1 x Phosphoglycerate (2c)

Calvin Cycle Formula

RuBP (5c) + CO2(1c) -- 2x 3 - PGA (3c - Phosphoglycerate)

Photorespiration

The higher the 02 stays in the leaves it leads to photorespiration

If you were to expose a plant leaf to pure nitrogen, so that the leaf was receiving 0% carbon dioxide, what effect would that have on the stomata?

the stomata would open‎

CAM plants do not operate the Calvin cycle at night because?

sunlight is required to produce ATP and‎ NADPH

C4 plants are usually ________ in shady habitats because C4 photosynthesis has ______________ than the C3 pathway.

rare; higher ATP requirements‎

Where do C4 plants survive?

In dry and hot environments because it requires higher ATP (photosynthesis)

What are 2 types of Angiosperms?

* Moncolydonae
* Dicotyledonae

Moncolydonae ( monocots)

- 1 sprout
- Branching veins on leaves

Dicotyledonae (Dicots)

- 2 sprouts
- Narrow straight veins

Tracheids differ from vessels in that ....?

they are formed from a single cell

From personal experience, you may have noticed that cut flowers placed in a vase with tap water continue to be "alive" for several days. What is the most likely explanation as to why these cut flowers don't immediately wither and die?

The plant can still take up water from the vase via an
“evaporative sucking force.”‎

Assuming the same pressure gradient, flow of a fluid through a vessel with a diameter of 100 μm is _______ faster than through a tracheid of 25 μm diameter.

256×‎

Epidermis are made out of what?

- Parenchyma cells
- Vascular bundle

What are Vascular bundles in the epidermis made out of?

* Xylem ( water, nutrients)


* Phloem ( sugars)

Tracheids

- made out of multicellular vessel elements ( segments)
-pits in the thick lignified walls

Poiseuille Equation (Pressure)

Flow rate = (P in- P out) (pi/8) (1/n) ( r4/L)

Reasons for Interruption of water flow in Xylem (Bad)

- Collapse
- Cavitation

Phloem is made out of what?

* Phloem sap -- sucrose
* osmotic pump -- source to sink
* sieve elements -- companion cells
* sieve plates

What are roots made out of what?

- Epidermic -- root hairs
- cortex -- parenchyma cells
- Endodermal Cells -- Casparian strips

How is ATP from roots made?

*  With aerobic respiration: leaves make sugars, put into phloem that sends it down to the root cells, and the roots cells break up the sugars with aerobic respiration to make ATP.

Ectomycorrhizae

Fungal cells surround but do not penetrate root cells. Carbon and nutrients are exchanged through the plasma membrane.

Endomycorrhizae

Fungal cells penetrate inside root cells, enhancing carbon and nutrient exchange.

The contents of the xylem sap in plant roots are:

selectively maintained by endodermal cells‎

Haploid

1n

Diploid

2n

Gametes

Egg & sperm

Mitosis

- Making copies
- Haploid

Meiosis

- Splitting up
- Diploid

Bryophytes

- non-vascular plants like mosses
- made out of Haploid cells
- gametophyte
- Sporophyte

gametophyte

- both Female & Male plant
- for Mosses & non-vascular plants

sporophyte

- spore (2n --1n)
- Gymnosperm plants

Ferritization

1n +1n = 2n -- Zygote

In ferns, the ________ generation is dominant.

diploid sporophyte‎

In ferns, both the gametophyte and sporophyte are physiologically capable of surviving on their own. What is the most likely reason that vascular tissues are present only in the sporophyte generation?

There is no advantage for the gametophyte to grow tall because gametes must be produced near‎ the ground where the water needed for their free-swimming sperm is most likely to be found‎.

Sori in Ferns

- Brown dots underneath the leaves
- known as sporangia
- undergoes meiosis

Haploid stage in fern

- no vascular issues (sporangia)

Diploid stage in fern

- have vascular tissues (Dominant)
- sporophyte

Gymnosperm

-Trees
- both haploid & Diploid
- undergo both meiosis & mitosis

Gymnosperm seeds have what

- 3 generations
- Seed coat (2n)
- Female Gametophyte (1n)
- Embryo (2n)

Ovule cones

- female organs - green/big cones
- sporangia + covering+ gametophyte

Pollen cones

- Male organs - small/paper cones
- sporangia -- gametophyte -- pollen tubes

The pollen grain is:

the male gametophytes

Flowers are made out of

- Sepals
- Petals
- stamen
- carpels

Stamens

- males
- filaments
- antlers

Carpels

- females
- ovary
- style
- stigma

Which plants do double fertilization?

Angiosperms

Double Fertilization has what?

-2n zygote
-3n endosperm

Angiosperm male gametophyte has what?

- pollen tube nucleus
- nuclei
- 2 sperm

Angiosperm Female gametophytes have what?

- Ovule
- 8 nuclei

In Angiosperm seed, there are?

- cotyledon
- shoot of embryo
- root of embryo

In angiosperms, a ________________ is contained in the anthers or ovaries, and the ____________ consists of the rest of the plant.

gametophyte; sporophyte‎

Double fertilization in angiosperms results in:

a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm‎

What is a fruit?

Mature ovary

How does the fruit form?

As the fertilized egg develops into an embryo and the ovule starts to develop into a seed, the walls of the ovary they are embedded in will develop into a fruit

What is Node?

Leaves branching out of this

What is Internode?

Spaces between each nodes

What is in Stem development?

- Totipotent stem cells
- shoot apical meristem
- leaf primordia
- zone of cell elongation (top)
- zone of cell maturation (bottom)

Which direction is primary growth?

Upward

Which direction is secondary growth?

Wider

What are three types of leaf development?

- Alternate
- Opposite
- Whorled

In leaf development, there are?

* axillary buds (branch development)

In flower development, there are?

* floral meristems
* florigen (Hormone)

At the tip of each branch, the ____________ cover(s) the shoot apical meristem

leaf primordia

Cells directly beneath the shoot apical meristem begin to elongate and form the stem. Which of the following contributes to the elongation of these cells?

the formation of a large vacuole in these cells‎

What are five Plant hormones? (AACGE)

- Auxin
- Abscisic Acid
- Cytokinin
- Gibberellic Acid
- Ethylene

What is in the Vascular bundle?

- Epidermis
- phloem
- Xylem

What is Auxin?

Shoot development

What is Abscisic Acid?

Stomata closing

what is Cytokinin

"apical dominance" (branching)

What is Gibberellic Acid

length of stems (Internode elongation)

What is Ethylene?

Gas to ripen the fruits

A researcher creates a mutant pea plant in which cytokinin are over-expressed and gibberellic acid is under-expressed. What is the most likely phenotype of this mutant pea plant?

The pea plant would be shorter with more‎ branches compared to wild-type plants‎

What does secondary growth have?

- Cork
- Cork cambium
- Cortex
- Primary Phloem
- Secondary Phloem
- Vascular cambium
- secondary xylem
- Primary xylem
- Pith

What is dendrochronology

study of growth rings

What is lenticel?

to allow oxygen in for trees that doesn't have bark.

In gymnosperms, what is the name for a mechanical & transport function?

Tracheid

In Angiosperms, what is the name for a mechanical & transport function?

Fibers

What is in the Roots?

- roost apical meristem
- root cap
- pericycle
- procambium
- stele (xylem & phloem)
- carpisan strip

In the secondary growth of a stem, the _________ is the source of new xylem and phloem, whereas the _________ renews and maintains the outer layer that protects the stem.

vascular cambium; cork cambium‎

As trees get larger and the number of leaves increase, transpiration rates rise and demand for water increases. How do plant tissues meet this demand for water?

Vascular cambium continues to divide and cells of its inner‎ surface differentiate to form additional secondary xylem cells.‎

What is in the Fungi diagram?

-Fruiting body
- Spores
- Hyphae
- Mycelium
- chitin cell walls
- septa

Is Fungi heterotroph or autotroph?

heterotroph

What kind of yeast do humans use?

saccharomyces ceriumsea

Autotrophs use what?

Carbon cycle Photosynthesis

Heterotroph uses what?

carbon cycle reverse ( Respiration)

what is the Greek root for fungi?

Myco

What are 5 types of fungi? (ABCGZ) or -mycetes

- Ascomycetes
- Basidiomycetes
- Chytridiomycetes
-Glomormoycetes
-Zygomycetes

What is Chytridiomycetes?

- Oldest group of fungi
- no hyphae
- zoosporangia/zoospores