Week 11 - Lymphatic & Immune Systems (Chapter 7) - McGraw Hill

The lymphatic system contributes to homeostasis in many ways, and works closely with the _____________ system in the transport of fluids in the body.

cardiovascular

The lymphatic system helps defend the body against disease with _____________ present in lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs.

white blood cells

Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the ___________.

bloodstream

Lymphatic capillaries absorb fats from the ____________ and transport them to the bloodstream.

digestive system

The ____________ system consists of vessels that form a one-way system of capillaries to vessels and finally, to ducts.

lymphatic

These vessels transport ______________ , fluid that consists of both interstitial fluid and its dissolved solutes, as well as cellular products.

lymph

Excess ____________ is removed from capillaries and is composed of mostly water and dissolved solutes.

interstitial fluid

The cellular products within this fluid include ______________ , enzymes, and wastes that are secreted by cells.

hormones

This fluid can also contains ____________ derived from plasma.

electrolytes

All of the lymphatic system's main functions are associated closely with the _______________.

circulatory system

Excess tissue fluid is removed by _____________ and returned to the bloodstream via veins in the shoulders.

lymphatic vessels

The _____________ absorb fats from the digestive tract and transport them to the bloodstream.

lymphatic capillaries

White blood cells called _____________ are present in the lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs, as well as transported through the blood.

lymphocytes

Innate immune mechanisms include several types of barriers to pathogen entry. Mechanical barriers include skin and the mucous _____________ lining the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts.

membranes

The excretions of ________ and sweat glands in the skin contain chemicals that kill certain bacteria on the skin.

oil

The stomach has an ___________ pH, which kills many types of bacteria or inhibits their growth.

acidic

Resident microbes that normally reside in areas such as the intestine and vagina take up nutrients and prevent ______________ from taking up residence.

pathogens

The inflammatory response is part of the _____ immunity of an organism, meaning it is nonspecific and works without exposure to pathogens.

innate

Which of the following is the overall goal of the inflammatory response seen in organisms?

to delay the ability of a pathogen to get farther into the body, preventing it from doing further damage

How does histamine function within the inflammatory response?

It dilates capillaries, increasing blood flow to the injured area and allowing fluid and blood-clotting factors to enter the injured area.

As fluid moves toward the injury site, which cells of the immune system follow to remove pathogens and cellular debris through phagocytosis?

macrophages

After the immune system cells have removed pathogens and cellular debris and blood-clotting factors seal off damaged capillaries and tissue, the cells within the wound begins to repair themselves through

mitosis.

The complement system is composed of a combination of proteins found in blood ________ , which "complement" certain immune responses.

plasma

Certain complement proteins amplify the inflammatory reaction, because they can bind to mast cells and trigger ____________ release

histamine

Other complement proteins bind to the surface of pathogens coated with antibodies, which ensures ____________ by neutrophils or macrophages.

phagocytosis

Other complement proteins combine to form a __________________ complex that produces holes in the surface of bacteria. Fluids enter through the holes and eventually cause the bacterial cells to burst.

membrane attack

Which of the following processes can be activated by complement?

inflammation, cytolysis, or cell lysis, opsonization, All of the answer choices can be activated by complement

Opsonization is

coating of a bacterium with antibody to make it more susceptible to phagocytosis.

Complement factors C5b + C6 + C7 + C8 make up a membrane attack complex that results in

cell lysis.

Complement factors are named for the order in which they function.

False

In the classical pathway of complement activation, complement attaches to an antigen-antibody complex on the surface of a pathogen.

True

Adaptive defenses, which come into play when _______________ fail to prevent infection, involve response to large protein structures called ___________ that are foreign to the body.

innate defenses, antigens

In a healthy immune system, the body is able to ____________ self and nonself antigens.

distinguish

Antigens are recognized by ______________ , either B cells or T cells, via specific antigen ____________.

lymphocytes, receptors

In antibody-mediated, or _______________ immunity, a(n) ____________ selects and then binds a specific B cell at its receptor.

humoral, antigen

After binding, many identical __________________ are produced; these are called clones.

copies of the cell

Most cloned ________ become plasma cells, which mass produce and secrete ____________ to a specific antigen.

B cells, antibodies

Those that do not become plasma cells become __________ cells, the means by which long-term immunity is possible.

memory

Cell-mediated immunity involves lymphocytes called ________ directly attacking diseased cells and cancer cells or releasing cytokines that stimulate both adaptive and innate defenses.

T cells

These lymphocytes need help recognizing an antigen. This "help" is provided by an antigen-presenting cell (APC), such as a _____________.

macrophage

APCs break ___________apart in lysosomes, creating pieces which can be displayed in the groove of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the surface of the APC.

pathogens

The invader's antigen is presented to a specific T-cell ____________ , activating the T cell which then produces clones.

receptor

Cytotoxic T cells cause death of virus-infected cells or tumor cells by releasing _________________________.

perforin and granzymes

Cytotoxic T cells produce

perforin, which makes holes in the cell membrane of infected cells.

Infected cells

display peptide fragments of degraded viral proteins on their cell surface.

Cytotoxic T cells recognize

viral antigens and class I MHC.

Which of the following statements is true of the hepatitis B vaccine?

It is a recombinant vaccine, It is produced in a host yeast cell, It is a form of subunit vaccine, All of the answer choices are true

The vaccine used to prevent measles consists of live measles viruses. This type of vaccine is most likely

an attenuated vaccine.

A subunit vaccine is composed of

purified parts of a microorganism.

Vaccines present ______ from a pathogen to stimulate immunity.

antigens

Cytokines are important signaling molecules that regulate ___________________ formation and function.

white blood cells

Cytokines, such as ______________________ , can be used to enhance the cancer-fighting ability of T cells.

interferon and interleukins

Cytokine therapies are being used to treat a variety of ailments, including cancer and AIDS; there is speculation that cytokines will soon be used as adjuncts for _______________ .

vaccines

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) results when the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects and destroys ______Blank, weakening the immune system and and making a person more susceptible to opportunisitic infections.

helper T cells and macrophages

Select all of the ways that HIV can be transmitted among people

sharing needles for IV drug use, sexual intercourse, from mother to baby during birth or breast-feeding

Integrase inhibitors

Prevent HIV from inserting its genetic material into that of host cells

AZT and similar inhibitors

Interfere with the operation of the reverse transcriptase enzyme.

Entry inhibitors

Block the virus from binding to a receptor on the plasm membrane of a host cell.

Protease inhibitors

Prevent processing and cleaving of newly created polypeptides

Allergies result when the immune system is _______________ to antigens that ordinarily would not harm the body.

hypersensitive

These antigens, called _____________, include pollen, pet hair, certain foods, and some medicines, such as penicillin.

allergens

In an immediate allergic response, antibodies of the ________ class are first produced in reponse to allergen exposure. These antibodies then bind to receptors on _______________ in tissues, as well as to other cells in the blood.

lgE, mast cells

Upon subsequent exposure to the same allergen, the allergen binds to these IgE antibodies, triggering release of chemicals like _______________ , and resulting in allergy symptoms.

histamine

If an immediate allergic response is severe enough, the histamine release causes _______________ shock, a sudden and life-threatening drop in blood pressure due to increased permeability of the capillaries throughout the body.

anaphylactic

An injection of ________________ can counteract this reaction until life-saving medical help is available.

epinephrine

The immune system usually distinguishes the difference between cells of the body and foreign invaders, but an autoimmune disease results when ____________________ or antibodies mistakenly attack the body's own cells as if they bear foreign antigens.

cytotoxic T cells

The disease ____________________ is a muscle weakness caused by autoimmune destruction of muscle-nerve connections.

myasthenia gravis

In __________________ , T cells attack the myelin of nerve cells leading to a variety of neuromuscular symptoms.

multiple sclerosis

In individuals with ________________________ , the body forms a large number of antigen-antibody complexes, which are most commonly deposited in the kidneys.

systemic lupus erythematosis

People with ____________________ have immune-mediated damage to their joints.

rheumatoid arthritis