Last Hurrah_ Abnormal Psych

are objective indicators of a disorder that can be observed by a clinician

Signs

are subjective experiences reported by the patient. In psychopathology, these often overlap

symptoms

signs and symptoms that occur together; which is a recognizable condition characterized by a specific set of signs and symptoms.

syndrome

: This is a term that refers to our awareness of our own mental processes, such as thoughts, feelings, and sensations. It is the state of being awake and aware of one's surroundings.

Consciousness

: This is a process by which new experiences are assimilated to and transformed by the residuum of past experience of an individual to form a new whole. In other words, it is how we interpret new information in the existing knowledge or understanding.

Apperception

: This term is sometimes used interchangeably with consciousness. More specifically, it refers to the total character of the unique and changing sensory environments perceived by individuals. These can include factors such as sound, light intensity, and temperature.

Sensorium

: This refers to a state where a person has difficulty recognizing their surroundings or understanding the current time or who they are, It is an objective sign that can be observed by a clinician (using MSE/MMSE).

Disorientation

:This is a transient, usually reversible, cause of cerebral dysfunction and manifests clinically with a broad range of neuropsychiatric abnormalities. It can involve disturbance in attention, awareness and cognition, which develops over a short period of time.

Delirium

: This is a mild or moderate form of cognitive impairment, manifesting as a state of confusion, Perception and awareness are impaired, and the person may have difficulty making sense of what they see, hear, or feel.

Clouding of Consciousness

: This is a state of unresponsiveness in which the patient is immobile and mute yet fully conscious.The patient appears unaware of the environment and does not respond to external stimuli.

Stupor

: This is a disturbance in consciousness that occurs on the border between wakefulness. and sleep, often accompanied by hallucinations and illusions.

Twilight State

Also known as psychomotor epilepsy or complex partial seizure, this is a state where a person may appear to be conscious, but they are experiencing a dreamlike state with altered consciousness.

Dreamlike State

: This refers to excessive sleepiness or drowsiness, which can be due to some causes, including organic processes such as certain medical conditions or the use of certain medications.

Somnolence

: This is a state where the patient appears to be asleep but can be easily awakened. The patient is unable to move or speak.

Coma Vigil (Akinetic Mutism)

: This is a state of deep unconsciousness where a person is unresponsive and cannot be woken. It involves a total loss of consciousness, voluntary behavior, and some reflexes.

Coma

: This is a cognitive process that allows us to focus on specific stimuli or aspects of our environment while ignoring others. It is the ability to selectively concentrate on a discrete aspect of information while ignoring other perceivable information

Attention

: This is a state where a person finds it difficult to maintain focus because

Distractibility

This is the ability to focus on a specific stimulus while ignoring others. It can also involve the blocking out of stimuli that cause anxiety.

Selective Attention

This is a state of heightened alertness where a person excessively focuses on all internal and external stimuli, often due to paranoia.

Hypervigilance

: This refers to the degree to which a person's thoughts, feelings, or actions are influenced by others. It is an uncritical compliance or response to an idea or influence.

Suggestibility

: This is a shared psychosis where two (or three) people share the same delusional belief.

Folie a deux (or folie a trois)

: This is a state of consciousness that is artificially induced and is characterized by heightened suggestibility.

Hypnosis

: This is a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes. It involves a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response.

Emotion

This is the observable expression of emotion, often associated with facial expressions. It is how we display our emotional state to others.

Affect

: This is when the emotional tone is consistent with the thought, idea, or speech accompanying it.

Appropriate Affect

: This is when there is a mismatch between the emotional tone and the thought, idea, or speech accompanying it.

Inappropriate Affect

: This is characterized by a significant reduction in the intensity of emotional expression.

Blunted Affect

: This is a mild reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression.

Restricted or Constricted Affect

: This is characterized by a lack of emotional expression, often seen as an immobile facial expression and monotonous voice.

Flat Affect

: This is characterized by rapid and abrupt changes in emotional expression that are not linked to external events.

Labile Affect

: This is a temporary state of mind or feeling. It is a more general and less intense state than emotions but longer. in duration. Moods can be influenced by some factors, including thoughts, events, and the physiological state of the body.

Mood

: This is a state of generalized unhappiness, restlessness, dissatisfaction, or frustration.

Dysphoric Mood

: This refers to a 'normal' mood which carries neither the sadness of depression nor the elation of mania.

Euthymic Mood

: This is characterized by unrestrained emotional expression, often with an overestimation of one's importance or significance.

Expansive Mood

: This is characterized by a feeling of agitation or annoyance.

Irritable Mood

: These are significant fluctuations in a person's mood, such as alternating between feelings of euphoria and depression.

Mood Swings (labile mood)

: This is a mood state involving exaggerated feelings of well-being, or euphoria or elation.

Elevated Mood

: This is a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness.

Euphoria

: This is an overwhelming feeling of great happiness or joyful excitement.

Ecstasy

: This is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest.

Depression

: This is a diverse array of deficits in hedonic function, including reduced motivation or ability to experience pleasure.

Anhedonia

: This is a multifaceted response to loss, particularly to the loss of someone or something that has died.

Grief or Mourning

: This is a personality construct characterized by the subclinical inability to identify and describe emotions in the self.

Alexithymia

: This is a feeling of unease, such as worry or fear, that can be mild or severe. It is often caused by the anticipation of a perceived threat, either internal or external:

Anxiety

: This is a type of anxiety that is not linked to any specific idea or situation. It is a pervasive, unfocused fear that seems to exist independently of any identifiable cause.

Free-floating Anxiety

: This is a response to a known or understood threat. Unlike anxiety, which is caused by an undefined or unrecognized threat, fear is an emotional response to a real or perceived imminent threat.

Fear

: This is a state of anxiety or nervous excitement that often leads to excessive movement. It is a form of motor restlessness associated with intense anxiety.

Agitation

: This is a state of mental or emotional strain resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances. It is characterized by increased motor and psychological activity, which is often perceived as unpleasant.

Tension

: This is a sudden, intense fear or anxiety that can cause extreme emotional distress and physical symptoms. Panic attacks are typically brief, lasting less than 10 minutes, but they can be very frightening and uncomfortable.

Panic

: This is a lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern. It is characterized by a dulled emotional tone associated with indifference or detachment.

Apathy

: This is the state of having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone. It is the presence of two opposing impulses or emotions toward the same thing in the same person at the same time.

Ambivalence

: This is a loss or decrease in appetite, often associated with different mental health disorders, including depression and anxiety.

Anorexia

: This refers to an increase in appetite and food intake. It can be a symptom of certain conditions, including some mood disorders.

Hyperphagia

: This is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. It can be categorized into:

Insomnia

: Difficulty in falling asleep at the beginning of the night.

Initial Insomnia

: Difficulty in maintaining sleep, characterized by frequent awakenings or problems returning to sleep after awakenings.

Middle Insomnia

: Early morning awakening, where the individual wakes up too early, and cannot go back to sleep.

Terminal Insomnia

: This refers to excessive sleepiness. It can be characterized by prolonged nighttime sleep or excessive daytime sleepiness.

Hypersomnia

: This refers to changes in mood or energy levels at different times of the day. For example, with depression, one might feel worse in the morning and better as the day goes on.

Diurnal Variation

: This refers to a decreased interest in, or desire for, sexual activity. It is a common symptom of many mental health disorders, including depression.

Diminished Libido

is often associated with manic states.

increased libido

: This is a common physical symptom characterized by infrequent bowel movements or difficulty in passing stools. It can be associated with a variety of mental health disorders due to the association between the mind and the gut.

Constipation

refers to all the movements made by the muscles of the body. It includes a wide range of activities, from observable actions like walking and running to less visible actions like breathing and postural control.

Motor Behavior

: This is the involuntary repetition or imitation of another person's actions.

Echopraxia

: This is a state of unresponsiveness in a person who is otherwise awake.

Catatonia

: A medical condition characterized by a trance or seizure with a loss of sensation and consciousness accompanied by rigidity of the body.

Catalepsy

: A state of constant purposeless agitation and excitation.

Catatonic Excitement

: A state of immobility and unresponsiveness to the environment.

Catatonic Stupor

: A state where a person maintains a rigid posture against attempts to be moved.

Catatonic Rigidity

: The maintenance of a body position that is unusual and inappropriate.

Catatonic Posturing

: A condition where a person's body can be moved into different positions that are then maintained for an extended period of time.

Cerea Flexibilitas (Waxy Flexibility)

: This is resistance to attempts at being moved or directed, or doing the opposite of what is asked.

Negativism

: This is a sudden and uncontrollable muscle weakness or paralysis that comes on during the day and is often triggered by a strong emotion, such as excitement or laughter.

Cataplexy

: This refers to repetitive or ritualistic movements, postures, or utterances.

Stereotypy

: This is an ingrained, habitual involuntary movement.

Mannerism

: This refers to the performance of actions without conscious thought or intention,

Automatism

: This is the automatic performance of actions in response to commands.

Command Automatism

This is the inability to speak, which is not due to structural abnormalities or physical conditions.

Mutism

: This can manifest as psychomotor agitation, hyperactivity, tic, sleepwalking, or compulsions. Examples include:

Overactivity

: A series of unintentional and purposeless motions that stem from mental tension and anxiety.

Psychomotor Agitation

; This is a state of excessive restlessness which can be symptom of a number of conditions, including ADHD

Hyperactivity (Hyperkinesis)

: This is a sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization.

Tic

: This is a behavior disorder that originates during deep sleep and results in walking or performing other behaviors while asleep

Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)

: This is a movement disorder characterized by a feeling of inner restlessness and a compelling need to be in constant motion.

Akathisia

: This is a strong, uncontrollable need to perform an act repeatedly.

Compulsion

: This is a term used to describe an uncontrollable craving for alcohol. It is characterized by periodic bouts of extreme alcohol intake, usually followed by periods of abstinence.

Dipsomania

: This is a rare mental health condition characterized by recurrent, uncontrollable urges to steal items that are not needed for personal use or monetary value.

Kleptomania

: This is an outdated term that was used to describe what is now known as hypersexuality in women. It was characterized by an excessively high libido and compulsive sexual behavior.

Nymphomania

: Similar to nymphomania, this term was used to describe what is now known as hypersexuality in men. It was characterized by excessive sexual desire and behavior.

Satyriasis

: This is a mental disorder that involves recurrent, irresistible urges to pull out hair from your scalp, eyebrows, or other areas of your body, despite trying to stop.

Trichotillomania

: In psychopathology, this refers to a type of repetitive behavior that a person feels compelled to perform, usually in a very specific or set way. These are often linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and are performed in an attempt to reduce anxiety.

Ritual

: This is a state of decreased motor and cognitive activity, visible as a slowing of thought, speech, and movements.

Hypoactivity (Hypokinesis)

: This is the action of imitating someone or something, typically in order to entertain or ridicule.

Mimicry

: This is overt, often harmful, social interaction with the intention of inflicting damage or other unpleasantness upon another individual.

Aggression

: This is the expression of unconscious wishes or impulses through action, often involving self-dramatization and theatricality.

Acting out

: This is the process of using one's mind to consider or reason about something. It is the goal-directed flow of ideas, symbols, and associations initiated by a problem or task, leading toward a reality-oriented conclusion.

Thinking

: This is a severe mental disorder in which thought and emotions are so impaired that contact is lost with external reality. It involves the inability to distinguish reality from fantasy, with the creation of a new reality.

Psychosis

: This is a disturbance in the form of thought instead of the content of thought. Thinking is characterized by loosened associations, neologisms, and illogical constructs. The thought process is disordered, and the person is defined as psychotic.

Formal Thought Disorder

This involves thinking that contains erroneous conclusions or internal contradictions. It is considered psychopathological only when it is marked and not caused by cultural values or intellectual deficit.

Illogical Thinking

: This is mental activity that is not in line with logical experience. It is a form of thinking that is disconnected from reality.

Dereism