AP World Unit 1 Vocab

champa rice

fast-ripening and drought-resistent strain of rice

proto-industrialization

a set of economic changes in which people in rural areas made more goods than they could sell

artisans

skilled craftworkers

scholar gentry

entirely new social class created by bureaucratic expansion; educated in Confucian philosophy

filial piety

the duty of family members to subordinate their desires to those of the male head of the family and ruler

Grand Canal

inexpensive and efficient internal waterway transportation system; extended over 30,000 miles

Song Dynasty

replaced the Tang; ruled for three centuries; prosperous and arts flourished

imperial bureaucracy

a vast organization in which appointed officials carried out the empire’s policies

meritocracy

China’s bureaucratic system; holding power based on merit and ability

woodblock printing

technique for printing text; first used by the Chinese

foot binding

Chinese practice of women tightly bandaging their feet; common among aristocratic families

Buddhism

Theravada Buddhism

form of Buddhism focused on spiritual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline; strongest in Southeast Asia

Mahayana Buddhism

form of Buddhism focused on spiritual growth for all beings on service; strongest in China and Korea

Tibetan Buddhism

form of Buddhism focused on chanting; strongest in Tibet

syncretic

fused

Chan (Zen) Buddhism

syncretic faith of Buddhist doctrines combined with elements of Daoist traditions

Neo-confucianism

a syncretic system combining rational thought with abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism

Heian period

a period in which Japan emulated Chinese traditions in politics, art, and literature

nuclear families

a family with just a wife, husband, and their children

polygyny

the practice of having more than one wife at the same time

Mamluk Sultanate

established in Egypt after the Mamluks seized control of the government

Seljuk Turks

Central Asian Muslims who challenged the Abbasids

sultan

Seljuk leader

Mongols

from Central Asia; ended the Seljuk rule

Abbasid Caliphate

Arab Dynasty led by Arabs and Persians

Mamluks

enslaved people purchased by Arabs; frequently ethnic Turls from Central Asia; served as soldiers and later as bureaucrats

Muhammad

founder of Islam

Crusaders

European Christian soldiers who sought to reopen access to Jerusalem

Sufis

dimension of Islam; emphasized introspection to grasp truths they believed couldn’t be understood by learning

House of Wisdom

renowned center of learning in Baghdad

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

celebrated Islamic scholars; contirbuted to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy and medicine

‘A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah

most prolific female Muslim writer before 20th century

Vijayanagara Empire

kingdom founded by two Hindu brothers who converted to Islam for upward mobility

Rajput kingdoms

Hindu kingdoms led by leaders of numerous clans; in India and present-day Pakistan

Delhi Sultanate

Islamic empire in the city of Delhi; brought Islam into India

Srivijaya Empire

Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra; prospered by charging fees for ships and traveling between India and China

Majahapit Kingdom

based on Java; sustained its power controlling seat routes; Buddhist

Sinhala dynasties

located in Sri Lanka; roots in arrival of immigrants from North India; drew power from control over land

Khmer Empire

Angkor Kingdom; did not depend on maritime prowess for its power

Sukhothai Kingdom

kingdom in Thailand; Thais of this area invaded the Angkor Wat Buddhist temple complex

proselytize

actively seek converts

Bhakti Movement

started in southern India; focus on developing a strong attachment to a particular deity

Qutub Minar

Islamic architecture; built during Delhi Sultanate, mosque on a Hindu temple

Urdu

language melding grammatical pattern of Hindi, vocab or Arabic, and some elements of Farsi

Mississippian

First large-scale civilization in North America; started near Mississippi River Valley

matrilineal society

social standing determined by the woman’s side of the family

Cahokia

largest mound built by the Mississippians

city-states

main form of Mayan government; ruled by a king and consisting of a city and its surrounding territory

Mexica

The Aztecs, originally hunter-gathers who migrated to Mexico

theocracy

rule by religious leaders

Pachacuti

conquering tribes near modern-day Peru and combined them into the Incan Empire

mit’a system

mandatory public service for the Incas

Carpa Nan

roadway system built by Incas; used by the government and military

Temple of the Sun

core of Incan religion; Incan temple to honor the sun and royal

animism

belief that elements of the physical world could have supernatural powers

kin-based networks

families governed themselves

Swahili

language that blended Bantu and Arabic

Zanj Rebellion

a series of revolts led by enslaved East Africans and Arab workers

trans-Saharan trade

network of trading routes across the great desert

Great Zimbabwe

wall of stone constructed around Zimbabwe; first large wall on the continent

Hausa Kingdoms

seven states formed by the people of Hausa

Mali

rose in the place of the weakened Ghanian state

Magna Carta

required the king to respect certain rights; King John forced to sign

Manors

large fiefs or estates

Manorial System

a system that provided economic self sufficiency and defense

three-field system

crops were rotated through three fields; one for wheat or rye for food, one for legumes to fertilize soil, third field remained fallow

fuedalism

decentralized political organization based on a system of exchanges of land for loyalty

serf

peasants; not enslaved but tied to the land

primogeniture

rules in which the eldest son inherited the entire estate

bourgeoisie; burghers

the middle class; included shopkeepers, merchants, craftspeople, and small landholders

Estates-General

a body to advise the king; included representatives from each of the three legal classes

estates

the legal classes in France

Otto I

German King crowned Holy Roman Emperor

Marco Polo

Italian native from Venice; wrote about the customs of the people he wrote in his visit to the court of Kublai Khan

Renaissance

a period characterized by a revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature art, culture, and civic virtue

humanism

focus on individuals rather than God

Great Schism

a split in the Christian Church in Europe; Orthodox Church in the east, Roman Catholic Church in most of Europe

antisemitism

anti-jewish sentiment; widespread among Christians

little ice age

five-century cooling of the climate

lay investiture controversy

a dispute over whether a secular/non-religious leader, rather than the Pope, could invest bishops with symbols of the office