U.S expansion

Democratic-Republicans

An early political party headed by Thomas Jefferson; stood for less centralized government

X, Y, Z Affair

President Adams's envoys to Paris were asked to pay a huge bribe as the price of doing diplomatic business by three go-betweens referred to as X, Y, and Z.

Alien Act

This law gave the president the power to imprison or send aliens out of the country

Sedition Act

Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Republican documents that argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional

Laissez-faire

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy.

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Lousiana Purchase

Land purchased from France doubling the size of the U.S.

Sacagawea

A Shoshone woman whose language skills and knowledge of geography helped Lewis and Clark

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States

Monrow Doctrine

a policy of U.S. opposition to any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends. This is what Andrew Jackson did when he came into office.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Battle of the Alamo

1836 attack on the Alamo mission in San Antonio by Mexican forces during the Texas revolution

Manifest Destiny

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent.

Oregon Trail

Trail from independence Missouri to Oregon used by many pioneers during the 1840s

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million

forty-niners

people who went to California during the gold rush of 1849