Skull and C-Spine

SKULL — Lateral CR

0° / perpendicular

SKULL — Lateral Centering

About 2 inches superior to EAM

SKULL — Lateral Demonstrates

Entire cranium; sella turcica in profile

SKULL — PA CR

0° / perpendicular

SKULL — PA Centering

CR exits at nasion

SKULL — PA Demonstrates

Frontal skull; petrous ridges high in orbits

SKULL — PA Axial Caldwell CR

15° caudad

SKULL — PA Axial Caldwell Centering

CR exits at nasion

SKULL — PA Axial Caldwell Demonstrates

Frontal/orbital region; petrous ridges in lower 1/3 of orbits

SKULL — AP Axial Towne CR

30° caudad to OML OR 37° to IOML

SKULL — AP Axial Towne Centering

Enters about 2.5 inches superior to glabella, directed through foramen magnum

SKULL — AP Axial Towne Demonstrates

Occipital region, dorsum sellae, posterior clinoids

SKULL — SMV CR

0° / perpendicular

SKULL — SMV Centering

Enters below chin/submental region, about 3/4 inch anterior to EAM level; exits vertex

SKULL — SMV Demonstrates

Skull base / basal anatomy

FACIAL — Waters CR

0° / perpendicular

FACIAL — Waters Centering

Exits at acanthion

FACIAL — Waters Demonstrates

Maxillary sinuses, inferior orbital margins

FACIAL — Modified Waters CR

0° / perpendicular

FACIAL — Modified Waters Centering

Exits at acanthion

FACIAL — Modified Waters Demonstrates

Orbital floors / blowout fractures

C-SPINE — AP Open Mouth CR

0° / perpendicular

C-SPINE — AP Open Mouth Centering

Through the open mouth, centered to C1–C2

C-SPINE — AP Open Mouth Demonstrates

Dens, atlas, axis, lateral masses

C-SPINE — AP Axial CR

15–20° cephalad

C-SPINE — AP Axial Centering

C4 at MSP

C-SPINE — AP Axial Demonstrates

C3–C7 and open disk spaces

C-SPINE — AP Axial Oblique RPO/LPO CR

15–20° cephalad with 45° rotation

C-SPINE — AP Axial Oblique RPO/LPO Centering

C4

C-SPINE — AP Axial Oblique RPO/LPO Demonstrates

Intervertebral foramina farthest from IR

C-SPINE — PA Axial Oblique RAO/LAO CR

15–20° caudad with 45° rotation

C-SPINE — PA Axial Oblique RAO/LAO Centering

C4

C-SPINE — PA Axial Oblique RAO/LAO Demonstrates

Intervertebral foramina closest to IR

C-SPINE — Posterior Obliques Demonstrate Which Foramina?

Intervertebral foramina farthest from IR

C-SPINE — Anterior Obliques Demonstrate Which Foramina?

Intervertebral foramina closest to IR

C-SPINE — Lateral CR

0° / perpendicular

C-SPINE — Lateral Centering

C4

C-SPINE — Lateral Demonstrates

C1–C7/T1 and zygapophyseal joints

C-SPINE — Cross-table Lateral CR

0° / perpendicular

C-SPINE — Cross-table Lateral Centering

C4 in midcoronal plane

C-SPINE — Cross-table Lateral Purpose

Trauma lateral C-spine

C-SPINE — Swimmer's Lateral CR

0° or slight 3–5° caudad

C-SPINE — Swimmer's Lateral Centering

C7–T1

C-SPINE — Swimmer's Lateral Demonstrates

Cervicothoracic junction

C-SPINE — Lateral Flexion CR

0° / perpendicular

C-SPINE — Lateral Flexion Centering

C4

C-SPINE — Lateral Flexion Demonstrates

Mobility; interspinous spaces open

C-SPINE — Lateral Extension CR

0° / perpendicular

C-SPINE — Lateral Extension Centering

C4

C-SPINE — Lateral Extension Demonstrates

Mobility; interspinous spaces narrow/close