Musculoskeletal and Digestive System Practice Flashcards

Flashcards covering the musculoskeletal system anatomy, joint classifications, muscle types, and basic digestive functions as discussed in the lecture.

Full process

The structure at the base of the sternum that must be avoided during CPR to prevent breaking it.

$2$ fingerbreadths

The distance above the full process where hands should be placed during CPR.

Sternum

The breastbone located in the center of the chest to which ribs attach.

Ball and socket joint

The type of joint found in the shoulder and the hip.

Humerus

The bone of the upper arm.

Radius

The bone in the forearm that runs along the same side as the thumb.

Ulna

One of the two bones in the forearm, paired with the radius.

Radius pulse

The pulse found at the wrist, running along the radius bone.

Cervical seven fracture

A break in the seventh vertebrae of the neck.

Fibula

The smaller bone in the lower leg located beside the tibia.

Tibia

The flat bone of the lower leg, larger than the fibula.

Bone marrow

The substance within bones that produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Red blood cells

Blood cells produced in the bone marrow often referred to in the context of bone function.

White blood cells

Immune system cells produced within the bone marrow.

Platelets

Blood components produced in bone marrow that assist in clotting.

Calcium

A mineral stored in the bones that contributes to homeostatic functioning; essential for body function if blood levels drop.

Phosphorus

A mineral stored in bones along with calcium that is vital for homeostasis.

Kidney disease

A condition that can cause the body to lose too much calcium or phosphorus, requiring bones to release stored minerals.

Homeostatic functioning

The process by which bones, marrow, and minerals work together to maintain the body's internal balance.

$$300$$

The approximate number of bones an infant has at birth.

Scapula

The shoulder blades, classified as flat bones.

Iliac crest

The top part of the hip bone, characterized as a flat bone.

Growth plate

The area of a bone where growth occurs, as pictured in the textbook.

Pubic arch

The bone structure located in the pubic area involved in child work.

Ischium

A bone in the pelvic region, specifically near where one sits.

Hip fracture

A break that usually occurs in the bone and joint area of the hip, often requiring surgery if corroded by arthritis.

Sinus

Sponge-like air spaces within the bone located between other bone structures.

Joints

The points at which bones are attached to one another, also called articulations.

Articulation

Another term for a joint, where bones connect.

Immobile joints

Joints that do not move, such as the bones of the skull in adults.

Soft spot

The area on an infant's head where the skull bones have not yet joined.

Amphorosis

A classification of joints found in the vertebrae column and the sepsis pupils.

Sepsis pupils

The pubic bone area referred to as part of the amphiarthrosis (amphorosis) classification.

Hinge joint

A joint that allows movement in only one plane, such as flexing and extending.

Hinge joint examples

The elbow, the knee, and the fingers.

Pivot joint

A joint where one bone turns over another, such as when turning the arm.

Gliding joint

A joint type exemplified by the hip.

Ligaments

The connective tissue that holds bone to bone.

Articulate cartilage

Cartilage found in the knee and kneecap.

Fibrous cartilage

A type of cartilage found in the pubic area.

Elastic cartilage

A type of cartilage found in the ear canal, also called articular cartilage.

Cartilage function: Friction

Reduces friction in joints to allow smoother movement.

Cartilage function: Weight

Helps to distribute weight evenly across the joints.

Cartilage function: Rotation

Provides a slick surface for bone rotation.

Cartilage function: Shock

Acts as an absorber for shock in the body.

Pliable bones

Softer bones in infants that are easier to break because they are more flexible.

Axia

The main core supportive part of the skeleton, including the skull and spinal cord.

Axial components

The skull, spinal column, thoracic ribs, and the towel.

Ear bones

Bones located in the ear including the stirrup, anvil, and hammer.

Stirrup

One of the three small bones found in the ear.

Anvil

One of the small bones in the middle ear.

Hammer

A small bone located in the middle ear.

Appendicular skeleton

The skeletal parts that hook onto the core axial part.

Appendicular components

The shoulder, pelvic area, upper arms, and lower limbs.

Abpendicular

A term used to describe the joints that hang off the axial core.

Fontanelles

The soft spots on an infant's head where the skull has not yet come together.

Anterior fontanelle

The soft spot located on the front part of an infant's head.

Posterior fontanelle

The soft spot located on the back part of an infant's head.

Sutures

The lines where skull bones have fused together.

$$25$$

The age by which skull sutures are typically completely fused together.

Fontanelle function: Growth

Gives the head space to grow before sutures fuse.

Fontanelle function: Shape

Permits the skull to change shape slightly during birth.

Vertebral column sections

Divided into cervical, thoracic, and lumbar sections.

Coccyx

The human tailbone located at the bottom of the vertebral column.

Vertebral column function

Holds the head, allows twisting and bending, and supports the body.

$$7$$

The number of cervical vertebrae in the neck.

$$12$$

The number of thoracic vertebrae in the middle back.

$$5$$

The number of lumbar vertebrae in the lower back.

Sacrum

The bone section below the lumbar vertebrae and above the coccyx.

Foramen

An opening in a bone, such as the vertebra foramen that the spinal cord runs through.

Spinal cord

The bundle of nerves that runs down through the vertebral foramen.

Paralysis

The loss of ability to move, occurring from the site of a spinal cord severance downwards.

Respirator necessity

A medical device required when a cervical neck fracture severs the spinal cord, preventing autonomous breathing.

$4th$ lumbar injury

A spinal injury at this level typically results in paralysis from the waist down.

Scoliosis

An abnormal lateral or sideways curvature of the spinal column.

Lordosis

An exaggeration of the lower lumbar curvature, also known as swayback.

Growth spurt

A period of rapid growth, typically around age $12$, when scoliosis may occur.

Scoliosis screening (Shoulder)

Observing if one shoulder is higher than the other while standing.

Scoliosis screening (Diving)

Asking a child to bend over as if diving into a pool to check for spinal level differences.

$5$ degrees

The threshold of spinal deviation at which a school nurse will refer a child to a doctor.

Rod insertion

A surgical treatment for severe scoliosis to prevent injury to the underlying organs.

Estrogen loss

A factor in later life that contributes to bone and hair changes in women.

Intra-vertebral disc

The disc located between two vertebrae that provides the ability to move, bend, and lift.

Slipped disc

A condition where a disc between vertebrae bulges or slips out of place, also called a bulging disc.

Herniated disc

A condition where the disc actually slips out, often referred to as a ruptured disc.

Thinning disc

A degenerative condition where the disc thins out, potentially leading to bone-on-bone contact.

False ribs

Ribs identified as numbers $1$, $3$, and $4$ in the specific context of the lower rib cage.

Floating ribs

The ribs located in the back that do not attach to the sternum.

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A condition involving irritated nerves and bones that connect to the wrist, often from repetitive hand use.

Acetate tilt

A term referring to the acetabulum area of the hip, a common site for prone fractures.

Calcaneus

The heel bone.

Tarsal bones

Bones that join with the metatarsals in the foot.

Metatarsals

Bones of the foot that connect the tarsals to the toes.

Spring and walk

The function provided by the calcaneus and supported by muscles to facilitate movement.

Patella

The kneecap.

Synovial fluid

The fluid found within the joint capsule, such as the knee, to facilitate movement.

Pelvic girdle

A structure housing the bladder, rectum, and in women, the ovaries and hips.

Pelvic width

A physical measurement in women used to determine the feasibility of vaginal birth versus C-section.

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscles that run in little strips, found in blood vessels, lungs, and organs.

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary, striated muscle that continuously pumps blood through the heart.