Immunology: Gammopathies and Electrophoresis

These flashcards cover key concepts related to immunology, specifically focusing on gammopathies and the process of electrophoresis.

What is Polyclonal Gammopathy?

An increase in several different types of immunoglobulins produced by many plasma cell clones, usually caused by infection, inflammation, or liver disease.

What is Monoclonal Gammopathy?

An increase in a single type (clone) of immunoglobulin produced by one abnormal plasma cell line, often associated with multiple myeloma.

What is Dyscrasia?

A disorder or abnormal condition of the blood or bone marrow.

What is a Plasma Cell?

A mature B-cell that produces and secretes antibodies (immunoglobulins).

What are Bence-Jones Proteins?

Free immunoglobulin light chains found in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma.

What is Electrophoresis?

A laboratory technique that separates proteins in the blood based on their size and electrical charge.

What are the clinical features of Multiple Myeloma?

Malignant proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow, presence of monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-protein), bone pain, anemia, fatigue, recurrent infections, Bence-Jones proteins, hypercalcemia, and renal damage.

What are two causes of Polyclonal Gammopathies?

Chronic infections (e.g., hepatitis, tuberculosis) and autoimmune or inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus).

What is the basic procedure of Electrophoresis?

A serum sample is placed on a gel or cellulose acetate medium, an electric current is applied to separate proteins, and the separated bands are stained and scanned.

Where are gamma globulins found in the electrophoresis pattern?

In the gamma region, which is the slowest-moving band on the right side of the electrophoresis pattern.