ch 15 blood cells

The study of blood cells is called

Hematology

A human body contains about liters of blood

5

Blood transports from the lungs to the tissues.

O2

Blood also clears those tissues of

CO2

The liquid portion of blood is called

Plasma

Describe the morphology of a normal RBC

Biconcave disc

How many nuclei does a normal human RBC contain

None

RBC’s are filled with a reddish protein called

Hemoglobin

What is the diameter of a normal RBC

6-8 microns

The center of an RBC will appear compared to the rest of the cell

Pale

An RBC count below normal is

Anemia

An RBC count above normal is

Polycythemia

How is hemoglobin concentration derived.

Sample is measured in a photometer at 540 nm after conversion of hemoglobin to cyanmethemoglobin with Drabkin’sreagent.

Hematocrit is a ratio of over

Volume of RBC’s over volume of whole blood

A normal hematocrit is about %

45

Dr. Wright developed the Wright stain. Why was this so important?

It allowed detailed visual examination of blood using a microscope of things previously difficult or impossible to see.

RBC are fully described using these 6 parameters

Shape, color, size, central pallor, contents and function

What cells have no nucleus?

Red blood cells

Why are red blood cells biconcave?

To increase surface area

What are the smallest cells in the body?

Red blood cells

What are red blood cells filled with that carry oxygen throughout the body?

Hemoglobin

What is the average lifespan of an erythrocyte?

120 days

Where in the body are old erythrocytes destroyed?

In the spleen and liver

Where are RBC's made?

In the red bone marrow

Hereditary spherocytosis is a red cell membrane disorder

True

What is the condition in which too many red blood cells are produced and requires therapeutic phlebotomy?

Polycythemia

What is any condition of red blood cells in which the blood's capacity for carrying oxygen is diminished?

Anemia

What is the lack of oxygen to the tissues?

Hypoxia

What is the reduced blood flow to a tissue called?

Ischemia

What are some of the causes of hypoxia?

Ischemia, malfunctioning hemoglobin, increasing altitude

What is the characteristic sign of anemia?

Reticulocytes in the blood

What are reticulocytes?

Immature red blood cells

Anemia can be caused by too few RBCs.

True

Anemia can also be cause by iron deficiency.

True

What is the rupture of RBCs?

Hemolysis

Hemolytic anemia can be , from autoimmune disorders or G6PD deficiency, or , from infections, or receiving the incorrect blood type in a transfusion.

Hereditary, acquired

G6PD deficiency is hereditary and X-linked, so almost all are .

Male

G6PD is an that is important for RBC metabolism.

Enzyme

G6PD is the most common human enzyme deficiency.

True

Pernicious anemia is also known as .

Megaloblastic anemia

Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of vitamin B12 or intrinsic factor.

True

After gastric bypass surgery, the stomach is no longer able to produce intrinsic factor, which is needed to absorb , which is needed to make in RBCs.

Vitamin B12, hemoglobin

Without vitamin B12, the blood cells become fewer and larger than normal, or .

Megaloblastic

Gastric bypass surgery patients must take vitamin B12 shots or sublingual supplements for the rest of their lives.

True

What is Thalassemia?

A hereditary form of anemia where the RBCs have abnormal hemoglobin that deforms the cells

What is sickle cell disease?

A hereditary mutation resulting in one valine amino acid substituted for glutamic acid.

Which group of people that sickle erythrocytes present than other groups?

people with African ancestry

What kind of infections that the sickle shape can prevent?

helps prevent malaria infections, but it also causes blood clots.

What is hereditary spherocytosis?

The red blood cells shrink over time due to problems with the red blood cell membrane.

What is red blood cell (RBC) count?

is a count of the actual number of red blood cells per volume of blood. Both increases and decreases can point to abnormal conditions.

What does Hemoglobin (Hgb) measures?

the amount of oxygen-carrying protein in the blood.

What does Hematocrit (Hct) measures?

the percentage of red blood cells in a given volume of whole blood.

What is a quick screening test for anemia?

the hematocrit test

How to perform the hematocrit test?

A drop of blood is drawn up a small glass capillary tube and the tube is centrifuged to pack the red blood cells at the bottom with the plasma on top.

What does hematocrit measures?

the percentage of blood volume that consists of erythrocytes.

What is the ratio of the hematocrit?

the ratio of packed red blood cells to total blood volume.

What percentage is normal hematocrit

about 45% (46% for men and 38% for women.)

What is a measurement of the average size of your RBCs?

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

What is elevated when RBC are larger than normal?

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

What is the term for larger than normal RBC?

Macrocytic

Name one condition where MCV is elevated

Anemia caused by B12 deficiency

What is the term for smaller than normal RBC?

Microcytic

What is a calculation of the average amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin inside a red blood cell?

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

What is a calculation of the average concentration of oxygen on the hemoglobin molecules inside a red cell?

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

What is the term for decreased MCHC values?

Hypochromia

What is the term for increased MCHC values?

Hyperchromia

What is a calculation of the variation in the size of your RBCs?

Red cell distribution width (RDW)

Having few RBC’s with various shapes is called?

Anisocytosis

Having many RBC’s with various shapes is called?

Poikilocytosis

What is the practice of boosting the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream by giving an athlete an unnecessary blood transfusion in order to enhance athletic performance?

Blood doping

What is the technique for determining which specific protein type is present on the RBC?

Blood typing

What are the proteins called when the cell membranes of the red blood cells carry certain types of proteins that another person’s body will think is a foreign body and reject it?

Antigens (something that causes an allergic reaction)

What are the 2 types of blood antigens?

Type A and Type B

If a person with type A blood gets a transfusion of type B blood, what would happen?

the donated blood will clump in masses (coagulation), and the person will die.

Which blood type is considered the universal donor? Why is this possible?

O negative. It is possible because there are no antigens on the blood cell.

Which blood type is considered the universal acceptor? Why is this possible?

AB positive. This is possible because the plasma does not contain antibodies to A or B or Rh antigens.

What is the rarest blood type?

AB negative

What protein does the term “positive” or “negative” refer to in blood typing.

Rh Factor

What occurs when an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus in her womb (from an Rh+ father), and she has antibodies to the Rh factor?

her antibodies will attack the red blood cells of the fetus because her body detects the Rh protein on the baby’s red blood cells and thinks they are foreign objects. This is called Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN).

If a woman is Rh- and pregnant the doctor will administer an injection of what at 18 weeks and again within 72 hrs after giving birth?

Rhogam

About how old is a fetus when it begins making Rh factor?

18 weeks

True or False: | During an Rh- woman's first pregnancy an Rh+ baby is not at risk of Hemalytic Disease of the Newborn.

True; during the first birth (or miscarriage), the placenta tears away and that’s when the baby’s blood cells get into the mother’sbloodstream. This begins the immune response.

What protein is another RBC antigen and similar to Rh factor; in that, it can cause Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn.

The Kell protein. People either have big Kor little k proteins. Most people have little kk. If one parent has big K (either Kk or KK), the child can get Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn.

Define Pathogen

Something that causes a disease.

Bacterium, virus, fungi, yeast, protozoa, and worms are examples of what type of pathogen?

Biological Pathogens

What is an example of a non-biological pathogen?

Toxic chemicals, asbestos are two examples.

How many bacteria can fit inside a white blood cell?

Bacteria are so small that hundreds of them can fit inside one WBC.

Where do bacteria live in the body?

They usually do not invade cells, they live between cells of the body, using nutrients.

How do bacteria cause harm?

By secreting toxins

How many viruses can fit inside the nucleus of one white blood cell?

Thousands

How many viruses can fit inside the nucleus area of a bacterium?

Hundreds

Where do viruses live in the body and why?

They always try to invade body cells because they need host DNA or RNA to replicate

What happens when a body cell has been invaded by a virus?

The entire host cell must be killed by awhite blood cell.

What is an antigen?

An Antigen is anything that can cause an immune response, not necessarily abiological pathogen.

What are some examples of non-biological antigens?

Pollen, dust, grass, or anything that aperson is allergic to.

List the Leukocytes

1) Basophils; -Mast Cells; 2) Eosinophils; 3) Neutrophils; 4) Monocytes; -Macrophages; 5) Lymphocytes; -B cells; -T cells

What percentage of all Leukocytes are Basophils?

0.5 %

What is secreted by Basophil granules and why?

Histamines. It causes vasodilation so more WBCs can get to the infection site.

What interferes with the function of Basophils?

Antihistamines

What is a Basophil that leaves the blood vessel and enters the tissues?

Mast Cell