Oceanographic sampling

What is the method to sample water quality and temperature?

Thermometer/Thermocouple

What are the units in temeprature?

°C

What are the effects of thermometer and a thermocouple?

-Biochemical reactions

-Oxygen concentration

-Signalling biological function

-Long term population decline of siheries and other organisms

Equation for salinity

Chlorinity

Grams of chloride ions precipitated from 1 kg seawater by Ag+

What is the equipment used to test salinity?

-Refractometer

-CTD (Conductivity Temperature Depth)

-Hand held CTD

What is the equipment used to measure light intensity?

Light meter

What 2 parts a light meter contains?

-data logger that stores and displays the light reading

-Light sensor that is connected to the data logger via a cable

What is the quipment used to measure water transparency?

Secchi disk

Secchi disk

A white or B&W disk, lowered vertically until the disk disappears from sight

What are the readings for very clear water, coastal water and some estuaries?

Very clear water→ Z_s>50 m

Coastal waters→ 2m<Z_s<10m

Some estuaries→ Z_s<1 m

What are the units for turbidity?

FNU (Formazin nephelometric unit)/FTU (Formazin Turbidity Unit)/NTU (nephelometer Turbidity Unit)

Equipment to test water turbidity?

Nephelometer or turbidity probe

What are the units for suspended matter?

mg/l

Methods to tests suspended matter?

1.Water sample

2.Filtration of pre ashed filter

3.Drying

4.Take the weight

5.Determine content of organic matter

CTD rosette function

Vertically profiles water column

-Takes discrete water samples at known depths

Sediment traps and Submersible pumps function

Collect particulates as they fall through water column

-allows quantification of exports

-SAPS used to quantify low concentration elements

Buoys, mooring and AUVs benefits?

-Collect data without human involvement

-Can be deployed for long periods

UAVs, Gliders and UORs function

Provide 2D and 3D maps of parameters, large enough to carry a suite of instruments for multiple measurements

How is data in UAVs, Gliders and UORs transmitted?

-Wires

-Radio

-Satellite

-Logged on board for later recover

Examples of following flows

-Drogues

-Dyes

-Bacterial spores

How does CTD rosette measure nutrients

measuring concentration through change in colour

-Usually measuring nitrogen species, phosphate and silicone

What does gas chromatography and mass spectrometry allow

-Identification and quantification of chemicals in water through changes in carrier materials

-Identification of molecules and of radioactive and stable isotopes

What are gas chromatography and mass spectrometry normally used for?

C:N measurements and dissolved gas quantification

What does HPLC measure?

Pigment concentrations

What are different ways to collect zooplankton

-Plankton net

-Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR)

-Longhurst Hardy Plankton Recorder (LHPR)

-MOCNESS & MultiNet

Continuous plankton Recorder (PCR)

Traps plankton on continuous band of silk mesh

-Developed by Sir Alister Hardy in 1925

What is abundance?

Organisms per unit area or volume

How to quantify plankton abundance?

-Microscopy

-Coulter counters

-Flow cytometer

-Flowcam

Coulter counters

Movement of a sample between two reservoirs of water

Flow cytometer

Measures different types of picoplankton

What is biomass?

Organisms C per unit area or volume

Ways to quantify plankton by biomass?

-Fluorometer

-Remote Sensing

What is primary production?

C fixation more accurate and descriptive term radiant energy to chemical energy

Ways to quantify primary production in plankton?

-14C Method

-Active Fluorescence

14C Method

Amount of 14C in phytoplankton measured: scint

Active Fluprescence

In situ measuremnt of activity in photosystems 2

-Measures rate of and quantity of light absorption by the cells photosynthetic apparatus